1163
ROME, SEE AND CHURCH OF,
For many ages until Pius IX. 's reign, with some comparatively short breaks, the Popes or Roman PontiflFs bore temporal swayoA^er a territory stretch- ing across Mid-Italj from sea to sea and comprising an area of some 16,000 square miles, with a population finally of some 3,125,000 souls. Of this dominion the whole has been incorporated piecemeal with the Italian King- dom (viz., Horaagna, Umbria, and the Marches in 1860, and the residue, including Rome itself, in 1870)^. Furthermore, by an Italian law dated May 13, 1871, there was guaranteed to His Holiness and his successors for ever, besides possession of the Vatican and Lateran palaces and the villa of Castel Gandolfo, a yearly income of 3,225,000 lire or 129,000Z, , which allow- ance (whose arrears would in 1913 amount to 138,675,000 lire, or 5,547,000^., without interest) still remains unclaimed and unpaid.
Supreme Pontiff. — Pius X. (Giuseppe Sarto), born at Riese, diocese of Treviso, June 2, 1835 ; Bishop of Mantua, November 10, 1884 ; Cardinal, June 12, 1893 ; Patriarch of Venice, June 15, 1893 ; elected Supreme Pontiff, as successor of Leo XIII., August 4, 1903 ; crowned, August 9 following.
The election of a Pope ordinarily is hy scrutiny. Each Cardinal in conclave writes on a ticket his own name with that of the Cardinal whom he chooses. These tickets, folded and sealed, are laid in a chalice which stands on the conclave altar ; and each elector approaching the altar repeats a prescribed form of oath. Thereupon the tickets are taken from the chalice by scrutators appointed ad lioc from the electing body ; the tickets are compared with the number of Cardinals present, and when it is found that any Cardinal has two-thirds of the votes in his favour he is declared elected.
Reckoning the validly chosen Roman Pontiffs as 256 in number,'^ there have been altogether 105 Popes who were Roman, 99 Italian other than Roman, and 52 Transalpine, or (save from Sicil}^ or Sardinia) Transmarine. From the accession of Innocent IX., 231st in the usual list of Roman Pontiffs, to Pius X., 258th, the Popes (all Italian) have been as follows : —
Name and Family of Pontiff
Year of Election
Name and Family of Pontiff
Year of Election
Innocent IX, (FaccMnetti) .
1591
Innocent XIII. [Conti)
1721
Clement VIII.
Benedict XIII. {Orsini)
1724
{Aldohrandini) .
1592
Clement XII. {Corsini)
1730
Leo XI. {Medici)
1605
Benedict XIV. (Lambertini)
1740
Paul V. (Borghese) .
1605
Clement XIII. {Rezzomco) .
1758
Gregory XV. {Ludovisi) .
1621
Clement XIV. {Ganganelli).
1769
Urban VIII. {Barberini) .
1623
PiusVI. . (Braschi).
1775
Innocent X. [Pamfili)
1644
Pius VII, (Chiaramonti) .
1800
Alexander VII. [Chigi)
1655
Leo XII, {della Genga)
1823
Clement IX., {Rospigliosi) .
1667
Pius VIII. {Castiglioni)
1829
Clement X., {Altieri)
1670
Gregory XVI. {Gappellari) .
1831
Innocent XI. (Odescalchi) .
1676
Pius IX. {Mastai-Ferretti) .
1846
Alexander VIII. (Ottoboni) .
1689
Leo XIII. (Peeci)
1878
Innocent XII. {Pignatelli) .
1691
Pius X. (Sarto) .
1903
Clement XI. (Albani)
1700
1 The pai)al possessions of Avignon and the Comtat-Venaissin were joined on to France in 1791 ; Benevento and Pontecorvo, papal enclaves in the Neapolitan kingdom, went the way of that kingdom in 18(30.
2 That is, counting but once the thrice elected Pope Benedict IX. and omitting the two Pisan Popes of the Great Schism. The only Englishman to be chosen Pope was Hadrian IV., reigning from 1154 to 1159 ; the last Ultramontane to be so chosen was Hadrian VI., Pope from 1522 to 1523. .v^
