1306
TURKEY AND TRIBUTARY STATES
besides Greeks, Syrians, Kurds, Circassians, Armenians, Jews, and numerous other races.
The population of the chief towns is approximately as follows : —
40,000 70,000 60,000 45,000 65,000 80,000 45,000 42,000 40,000 80,000 40,000 51,000 38,000
The Lebanon is governed by a Mutessarif (Christian), and has a special government, the constitution of which was modified in December, 1912, with a view to making it more liberal than before.
Constantinople
1,200,000
Medineh
Salonica
.
174,000
Homs .
Adrianople
(Edirneh)
83,000
Hama .
Smyrna (Ismir)
375,000
Konia .
Bagdad
225,000
Sivas (Sebasteia)
Damascus
350,000
Jerusalem
Aleppo .
210,000
Jaffa .
Beirut .
150,000
Rodosto
Brussa .
110,000
Gaza
Kaisarieh
54,000
Erzerum
Kerbela .
65,000
Bitlis .
Mosul .
70,000
Trebizond
Mecca .
80,000
Diarbekr
Basra
55,000
Religfion and Education.
Mahometans form the vast majority of the population in Asiatic Turkey, but only one-half of the population in European Turkey. Recognised by the Turkish Government are the adherents of nine non- Mahometan creeds — namely : 1. Latins, Franks, or Catholics, who use the Roman Liturgy, consisting of the descendants of the Genoese and Venetian settlers in the Empire, and proselytes among Armenians-, Bulgarians, and others ; 2. Orthodox Greeks ; 3. Bulgarians under their Exarch at Constantinople ; 4. Armenians, under their Patriarch at Constantinople, but under the supreme spiritual control of a Catholicos at Echmiadzin, in the Russian Caucasus. In 1903, the old dignity of Catholicos of Sis, in Cilicia, was restored and a new appointment made. There still remains in abeyance the seat of the Catholicos of Akhtomar (Van), an ancient dignity ; 5. Syrians and United Chaldeans, under their Patriarch at Mosul ; 6. Maronites, under their Patriarch at Kanobin in Mount Lebanon ; 7. Protestants, consisting of converts chiefly among the Armenians ; 8. Jews ; 9. Nestorians, or Assyrian Christians, under the Patriarch Mar Shimun of Kochannes. These religious denominations are invested with the privilege of possessing their own ecclesiastical rule. The Patriarchs of the Greeks and Armenians, the Bulgarian Exarch, and the
- Chacham-Baschi,' or high-rabbi of the Jews, possess, in consequence of those ^
functions, considerable power and influence, especiallj'- the Greek I'atriarch.
In Constantinople about half the settled inhabitants are Mussulman, the other half being made up mostly of Orthodox Greeks, Armenians, Roman Catholics, and Greek Uniates, and Jews. There is, besides, a very large foreign population of various professions. In the Turkish Islands of the .^gean Sea the population is mostly Christian: 296,800- Christians to 27,200 Mussulmans. In various parts of Asiatic Turkey the estimates are : Asia Minor, Mussulmans, 7,179,900 ; Armenians, 576,200 ; other Christians, 972,300; Jews, &c., 184,600; Armenia, Mussulmans^ 1,795,800; Armenians, 480,700; other Christians, 165,200; Jews, &c.,
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