RELIGION AND INSTRUCTION
1827
Nature of occupation
Agriculture
Manufactures
Transport
Trade
Public force .......
Public administrations . . . .
Liberal arts
Persons living solely on their incomes Domestics .......
General designation without indication determinate occupation . . . .
Unproductive and unknown occupation . Fresh- water fish and game . . . .
Nomad population
Extraction of minerals
Total . . . .
of a
Male
2,25S,005
356,425
101,026
153,645
57,027
48,534
1.35,733
99,323
67,255
99,544
2,208,580
27,431
50,434
4.112
Female
57,144
19,916
110
7,565
7
353
S,346
13,300
2,291,251
5,781
3,169,496
69
46,947
Total
2,315,149
376,341
101,136
101,210
57,034
48,887
144,079
112,623
2,358,506
105,325 5,378,076
27,500
97,381
4,112
5,667,074 5,620,285
11,287,359
Of the Egyptian .population over 10 years of age, 62-65 per cent, were employed in agriculture ; of the foreign population, less than 1 per cent. Of the Egyptian population, 16-27 per cent, were employed in various indus- tries and trades; of the foreign i^opulation, 47 85 per cent. Of the total number employed in the liberal professions, 48 per cent, were foreigners. ^
The principal towns, with their populations in 1907, are :— Cairo, 654,476 ; Alexandria, 332,246 ; Tanta, 54,437 ; Port Said, 49,884 ; Mehalla el Kobra, 47,955 ; Mansura. 40,279 ; Assiut, 39,442 ; Damanhour, 38,752 ; Fayum, 37,320 ; Zagazig, 34,999 ; Damietta, 29,354 ; Minia, 27,221 ; Sherbin, 25,473; Akhmim, 23,795; Beni-Suef, 23,357; Menuf, 22,316; Shebin el Kom, 21,576 ; Mellawi, 20,249 ; Qena, 20,069.
Religion and Instruction.
In 1907 the population consisted of 10,366,826 Moslems ; 706,322 Copts ; 38,635 Jews. Christians: 12,736 Protestants: 57,744 Roman Catholics; 76,953 Greek Orthodox; 27,937 Eastern Christians; 206 others. Thus Moslen;s formed 91 '84 per cent, of the population ; Christians, 7*81 per cent. ; Jews, 0-34 per cent. ; others, O'Ol per cent. The highest religious and judicial authorities among the Moslems are the Sheikh-ul-Islam appointed by the Khedive and chosen from among the learned class of Ulema, and the Grand Cadi nominated by the Sultan, and chosen from amongst the learned Ulema of Stamboul. The principal seat of Koranic learning is the Mosque and University of El Azhar at Cairo, founded year 361 of the Hegira, 972 of the Christian era. In 1908 it had 329 professors and 9,940 students of Islam and subjects connected therewith. The Mosque of El-Ahmadi at Tanta had 69 professors and 3,607 students.
There are in Egypt large numbers of native Christians connected with the various Oriental churches ; of these, the largest and most influential are the Copts, the descendants of the ancient Egyptians ; their creed is Orthodox (Jacobite), and was adopted in the first century of the Christian era. Its head is the Patriarch of Alexandria as the successor of St. Mark. There are three metropolitans and twelve bishops in Egypt, one metropolitan and two bishops in Abyssinia, and one bishop for Khartum ; there are also arch-priests, priests, deacons, and monks. Priests must be married before ordination, but celibacy is imposed on monks and high dignitaries. The Copts use the Diocletian (or Martyrs') calendar, which differs by 284 years from the Gregorian calendar.
