THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES 171
scliool where English is taught. Five new schools were opened during 1911. The Court of the Rajah, and a central Court are at Kota Bharu and other Courts in different parts of the State. There is a police force of 2/7 men (1011), commanded by a Malay Raja assisted by a Bcitish officer. Offences discovered during 1911, 3,786; convictions, 2,381. Admitted to prisons during year, 437. The revenue of the State in 1911 amounted to 487 674 dollars, and the expenditure to 574,850 dollars. Public debt, 143,860 dollars.
The chief industry is agriculture. About 127.000 acres are under cultivation. Chief products, rice, coconuts (and copra), betel nuts, rubber, resin andgharu, rattan, bamboo, pepper, tapioca, sugar-cane, and maize. A large part of the State is covered with Um<ile comprising numerous kinis of serviceable timber. The State supports cattle (estimated at 120,000 head), buffaloes (25,000), shoep, goats, and poultry. The mineral resources comprise gold, galena, pyrites, and tin. Extensive planting and mining concessions are held by British companies. The principal manufacturing industines are silk weaving, boat-building, and brick-making. In 1911, total exports, 1,d9.),,9o dollars, total imports, 2,482,871 dollars. Chief exports, 1911 : Cattle, sheep and goats, '^00 316 dollars; betel nuts, 175,521 dollars; fish, 123,162 dollars ; gold, 11 .,890 dollars ; copra 553 957 dollars ; Para rubber, 106,513 dollars. Chief imports, 1911 : Opmm, 6(1 . o dollars; salt, 68,115 dollars; gambler, 20,195 dollars; kerosene, 51,159 dollars; cotton goods, 273,674 dollars; silk goods, 147,216 dollars ; silver specie, 419,51 < dollars ; Machinery, 55,746 dollars.
Tonnage of steamships inwards and outwards, 1911, 133,697 tons. _
Over 6 000 craft are registered. There is regular steamship communication with Bangkok and Singapore. Roads extend only a few miles from the capital, communica- tion inland is by the rivers. Kota Bharu is in direct telegraphic communication with Bangkok and Penang and possesses a telephone service. There are (1911) 4 post offices in the state 113,958 letters, postcard^ parcels, &c., and 5,088 telegrams were received and despatched in the year. The unit of currency is the Straits Settlements dollar. British Adviser.— J. S. Mason.
TrPTiefi'ami with an area of about 6,000 square miles has a population as recorded at the cenlus, 1911, of 154,073. Capital, Kuala Trengganu, population, 14,000. There are no main roa-ls, railways, or telegraphs. Communication with the interior is by rivers, and good native paths, the prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. The industries are Similar to those of Kelantan, and the country is of the same general character. Chief exports, 1911 : fish, 577,986 dollars; tin ore, 4-57,086 dollars ; padi, 26M03 do lars ; copra, 225,708 dollars ; black pepper, 160,351 dollars. Chief imports : rice, 350,104 dollars ; cotton piece goods, 76,164 dollars ; and opium, 64,120 dollars. British Agent.— Vf. D. Scott.
Kedah on the western side of the Malay Peninsula, and north of Province Wellesley and Perak, has an area of 3,800 square miles. The population (censu.s 1911) is 245,986 of whom 195,411 were Malays, 33,746 Chinese, 8,135 Siamese, and 6,074 Indian.s^ The capital is Alor Star on the Kedah River, about six miles from Penang by sea. The Sultan, Abdul Hamid Halimshah, who succeeded in 1881, is assisted in administering the country by a State Council of five members, of whom the Adviser, appointed by the British Govern- ment is one There are 17 Europeans in the Government service. The police force, dis- tributed in 39 stations, has a strength of 452 n.en (principally Malays) incluan^ 80 Sikhs There are 29 Government Vernacular schools (2,431 pupils), / telegraph offices and 11 post offices. An excelleat telephone system extends throughout the State. A metalled road connects Alor Star with Periis, a road, partly metalled only, connects it witii Singgora (Siam), and a metalled road is being made to connect it with Province AVellesley Another metalled road is being made connecting Baling with Upper Perak m one direction and with Province Wellesley in the opposite direction. Earth and metalled roads are also being made in South Kedah. Arrangements have been made for the extension of the Federated Malay States railway system from Province Wellesley to Alor Star, with possiblv a later extension to Periis. The construction of the line, which should be completed within three years, has already begun. The revenue of the State for the Mahommedan vear 1329 (circa 1911) was 1,838,1-52 dollars, and the expenditure, 1,. 04,044 dollars The revenue is mainly derived from opium (42%), land rents (21%), and customs (137 ) The principal produce of North Kedah is rice, and over 300,000 bushels of nee and 2 000,000 bushels of padi were exported in 1911 to Penang for consumption m the Malay' Peninsula There are large rubber, coconut and tapioca estates in South Kedah. From the mines in South Kedah 756 tons of tin and 16 tons of wolfram were exported m 191 1. About four or five steamers ply daily between Penang and the various ports of Kedah. ' British Adviser.— ^\ George UaxweW. ,,,.,, ^ ^ ^ 4-onr>
Perlis on the western side of the Peninsula and north of Kedah has an area of about 300 square miles and a population (1911 census) of 32,746. Malays numbered 29,497 of the population, Chinese 1,627, and Siamese 1,388. Police force, 56 n.c.o s and men. The principal agricultural produce is rice. There are valuable tin and guano deposits. Ihe Raia, Syed Alwi, is assisted by a State Council and an adviser appmnted by the Briti.sh Government. Revenue year, 1,329 (1911), 131,291 dollars ; expenditure, 125,354 dollars. British Adviser.— Meadow >i Frost.
