254 THE BRITISH EMPIRE: — CANADA
Shipping and Navigation.
The registered shipping on December 31, 1911, including vessels for inland navigation, consisted of 4,644 sailing vessels and 3,444 steamers ; total tonnage, 770,446 tons. The sea-going and coasting vessels that entered and cleared during the year 1911 were as follows : —
Vessels.
Entered.
Cleared.
Sea-going :
Canadian
British
Foreign
No.
5,076 3,786 6,373
15,235
92,683 719
Tons. 1,625,334 7,207,571 3,086,434
No. 5,531 3,084 6,094
Tons. 1,716.664 5,504,766 3,156,417
Total
Coasting :
British and Canadian Foreign
11,919,339
33,095,045 1,185,624
14,709
87,575 749
. .10,377,847
31,108,754 1,238,511
Total
108,637
46,200,008 103,033
42,725,112
In 1911 the vessels entered and cleared at Canadian ports on inland waters between Canada and the United States were : Canadian, 19,063 of 13,038,148 tons ; United States, 28,425 of 12,094,211 tons.
Internal Communications.
Canada has a system of canal, river, and lake navigation over 2,700 miles in length, and vessels from the lake ports reach the Atlantic without breaking bulk. Up to 1911, 99,311,890 dollars had been spent on canals for construction and enlargement alone. In 1911, 35,955 vessels, of 27,403,814 tons, passed through the Canadian canals, carrying 304,904 passengers and 38, 030, 353 tons of freight, chiefly grain, timber, iron ore, and coal. On January 11, 1909, was signed at Washington a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States relating to the use of the boundary waters between Canada and the United States. The treaty provides for the establishment and maintenance of an international joint commission, consisting of three representatives ap- pointed by H.M. the King on the recommendation of the Governor in Council of the Dominion of Canada, and three appointed by the President of the United States. This commission, subject to the conditions of the tieaty, will have jurisdiction in all cases involving the use or obstruction or diversion of the boundary waters. Precedence is given by the treaty to uses of the waters in the following order, viz., (1) for domestic and sanitary pur- poses, (2) for navigation, (3) for power and irrigation.
Total length of railways, June 1911, 25,400 miles, increase of 669 miles over 1910, all of the 4 ft. 8^ inch gauge. The Canadian Pacific Railway main line from Montreal to Vancouver is 2,906 miles in length. By means of this railway and a line of Pacific steamers subsidised by the Imperial and Dominion Governments, Montreal and Yokohama are brought within 18 days of one another. There is a monthly steam service between Australia and British Columbia, for which the Dominion Government gives 37,091/. a year ; the Australian 26,626Z. a year, and Fiji 2,282/.
The traffic on Canadian steam railwayu in two years was : —
