MINING, MANUFACTURES, ETC. 435
The beet sugar product is attaining importance, the output in 1912 being 10 '42 short tons. Dairy products are also iucreasing rapidly. In January, 1910, tliefarm animals were 420,000 horses, 83,000 mules, 452,000 milk cows, 1,120,000 other cattle, 2,372,000 sheep, and 540,000 swine. The Avool clip (1909) produced 13,300,000 pounds of wool valued at 2,894,000 dollars. Ostrich farming is carried on at South Pasadena.
There are 20,000,000 acres of commercial timber, or forest which may be cut for lumber. Of this area 1,500,000 acres are coast redwoods {Sequoia sempervirens), a timber tree peculiar to California ; the remainder is chiefly yellow pine, sugar ]nne, and red iir. In addition to the commercial timber there are several million acres of woodland, not valuable for the lumberman, but containing a more or less dense stand of inferior oaks and pines useful for fuel and domestic purposes and for protecting the watersheds.
About twenty years ago the Federal Government inaugurated the policy of withdrawing from sale large wooded areas, especially in the mountains, where the rivers have their sources, and these forest reserves have now reached the area of 25,735,455 acres. Systematic forestal management is gradually being introduced by the federal forest service. Ten per cent, of the gross revenue of the National Forests is paid over to the State for the benefit of the counties in which they are situated.
Mining, Manufactures, etc.— Since the discovery of gold in 1848, California has produced 1,500,000,000 dollars worth of gold, and the output, wdiich had fallen off very greatly, shows a tendency again to increase. In 1911 the gold output was 964,041 fine ounces, valued at 19,928,500 dollars. In the same year the silver output amounted to 1,270,900 fine ounces, valued at 686,300 dollars. Other mining products were copper, 35,335,651 pounds (4,479,456 dollars), and 615 short tons of lead (55,350 dollars). The output of quicksilver in 1910 was 18,860 flasks (of 75 pounds net), valued at 867,749 dollars. The coal output of the State was 10,747 short tons, valued at 16,097 dollars. California l)roduces more petroleum than any other State of the Union ; in 1911 the output reached 81,134,391 barrels, valued at 38,719,080 dollars. Other mineral products were granite and limestone, &c. , valuedatS, 291,585 dollars ; Portland cement is manufactured ; the clay products of California (1911) were valued at 4,915,866 dollars. From California comes nearly all the borax produced in the United States. The output in 1911 was 53,330 short tons, valued at 1,569,151 dollars. Other mineral products are iron pyrites, 48,415 long tons (182,787 dollars) ; salt, 1,086,163 barrels (555,359 dollars) ; mineral waters sold, 2,310,237 gallons (578,439 dollars) ; inagnesite, 9,375 short tons, value about 75,000 dollars. Bismuth, asbestos, manganese, lithium, tungsten, chromium, infusorial earth, ochre, asphalt, and a great variety of precious stones are found in the State. The value of all the minerals produced in 1911 was 90,517,566 dollars.
In California in 1910 there were 7,659 manufacturing establishments with an a,ggregate capital of 537, 134, 000 dollars, employing 18,203 salaried officials and 115,296 wage-earners, using materials costing 325,238,000 dollars, and giving an output worth 529,767 ,000 dollars. Statistics of the more important industries are given iu the following table : •■•
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