CHARITY — FINANCE, DEFENCE — PRODUCTION, ETC. 541
and 387 students, and Clenison Agricultural College, founded in 1893, had 55 professors and 684 students in 1910, Other colleges are Charleston City College, with 10 professors and 75 students ; Allen University (A.M.E.) with 19 professors and 685 students; Erskine College (A. R. Presb.) with 12 l^rofessors and 193 students ; Wofford College (M. E. So.) with 18 professors and 472 students. There are several smaller denominational colleges, and also 8 colleges for women. There is also a college for coloured youths, a military academy, and a normal and industrial college.
Charity. — The State maintains several charitable institutions, including an Hospital for the insane, and an Asylum for the deaf, dumb, and blind. There are besides 9 orphanages, 10 hospitals, and 10 homes for adults and children, maintained mainly by private charity. For poor-relief the cities of Charleston and Columbia have their own overseers ; elsewhere the county commissioners are the overseers, and take charge of the poorhouse. Legal settlement is acquired by three years' residence ; paupers are sent to the county where they have a settlement.
Finance, Defence. — The recei^jts and expenditure in 1912, including loans, transfers, &c., were to the following amounts : —
Dollars. Balance, December 31, 1911 . . . . 725,356
Receipts in 1912 3,246,676
Total 3,972,032
Expenditure in 1912 3,205,816
Balance, December 31, 1912 .... 766,216
On December 31, 1912, the outstanding debt amounted to 6,529,645 dollars. The assessed valuation in 1908 was: real property, 134,536,251 dollars ; personal ];)roperty, 136,831,705 dollars ; total, 271,367,956 dollars.
The true value of all property within the State in 1904 was estimated at : —
Dollars.
Real property 252,766,767
Personal property . . . . . . 333,086,455
Total 585,853,222
The Militia, or Volunteer State Troops, with their headquarters at Columbia, consist of cavalry, artillery, and infantry ; total strength (1909) 1,751 men and 180 officers. The total available strength (unorganised) is 100,000. The naval militia contains 21 officers and 185 men.
Production and Industry- — South Carolina is an agricultural State, containing in 1910, 176,434 farms, more than half of which were negro farms. The farm area covered 13,512,028 acres, 6,097,999 acres being improved land. About 68 per cent, of the area of the State is woodland. The chief cereal crops are wheat, 727,000 bushels in 1912 ; maize, 34,278,000 bushels in 1912 ; oats, and rice, of which 200,000 bushels were produced in 1912. Of greater importance is the cultivation of cotton, under which in 1909 were 2,492,000 acres, yielding 1,164,309 bales of upland cotton ; in 1910, the
