JUSTICE AND CRIME 643
four faculties, viz., theology, laAv, medicine, philosophy (the university of Zaorab is without the faculty of medicine) : the university of Budapest, with 422 professors, &c., and 6,858 students; the University of Kolozsvar (Klausenburg), with 139 professors and 2,107 students; the University of Zcigrab (Agram), with 91 professors and 1,197 students in 1911, and the Universities of Pozsony (Presburg), and Debreezen— the last two having been founded in 1912. There are also 49 theological colleges, viz., 29 Catholic, 5 Greek Catholic, 4 Greek Oriental, 10 Protestant, and 1 Jewish, Avith a total of 330 professors and 2,153 students ; and 10 law schools with 122 professors and 1,380 students. The technical high school (poly- technicum) in Budapesr has 160 professors and 1,676 students. There were in 1911, 64 institutes for agriculture, 673 for industries of all kinds, 187 for commerce, 54 for art and music, 6 for mining, 15 for military training, with 143,290 students and 9,210 teachers. There were of the 673 industrial schools, 599 for apprentices, with 4,378 teachers and 101,999 pupils ; of the 187 commercial schools, 99 for apprentices, with 522 teachers and 6, 743 pupils. The number of pupils at elementary schools was 2, 159, 696 ; at middle schools, 577,324 ; at higher city schools (polgari iskolak),'
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languages, 77. The number of teachers in elementary schools was 36,053. In 1911, 2,019 periodicals of various kinds were published in Hungary, 411 being political papers. Of the Avhole, 1,493 were in Hungarian f80-27 per cent, in Hungary proper), 71 in Hungarian Avith another language, 153 in German, the rest being in Slovakish, Croatian, Servian, Ruthenian, French, Italian, &c.
Justice and Crime.
In Hungary the ordinary judicial authorities are : —
The Royal Supreme Court (kir. Kuria) in Budapest and the Supreme Court of Justice (Table of Septemvii^) in Zagriib (Agram), of the highest instance in all civil and criminal matters ; 12 Royal Tables (kiralyi tablak) of second instance. As courts of first instance, 76 county courts (tor\a^nyszekek) Avith collegiate judgeships ; 458 district courts (jarasbirosagok) Avith single judc^es • 15 jury courts, (sajtobirosagok) forpress offences, besides an army special court.'
There are 11 penal establishments in Hungary formales, and 1 for females!
There have been convicted in Hungary proper for offences falling under the competence of the county courts and of the district courts 129 794 persons in 1908, 121,601 in 1909, 122,994 in 1910; and 125,465 in 1911 ; for offences within the competence of the administrative authorities 625 948 in 1908; 682,113 in 1909; and 693,017 in 1910. In Crcatia-Slavonia the' number of the convicted at tlie countv courts AA'as 2,893 in 1908 • 4 095 in 1909 ; 3,969 in 1910; and 3,223 in 19ll ; at the district courts 3o'906 in 1908, 32,081 in 1909, 29,613 in 1910, and 30,368 in 1911.
Pauperism.
In Hungary poor relief is attached to the Ministry of the Interior, but in the main is left to communal administration. In the smaller co'mnmnes orphans and the indigent are cared for by official guardians and overseers Avhile in the larger there are poor-houses, the funds being mostly derived from fines and taxes. The number of asylums for paupers and orphans is about 300. The Church and charitable societies also render assistance and several millions of croAvns are annually bestoAved in legacies and pifts toAvards benevolent purposes. '
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