INSTRUCTION
787
163, that of clerical establishments increased by 31. From 1876 to 1909 the number of lay establishments still further decreased, and that of ecclesiastical establishments increased.
Besides, there were in 1906, 132 small seminaries under the authority of bishops, intended primarily for the preparation of pupils for the eccle- siastical career. They contained 13,966 pupils, but since the separation of the Church from the State they have been changed into free establishments, and are included without distinction in the total number of free clerical institutions.
Girls. — The following table shows the condition of tlie institutions fur girjs :—
Institutions
1905
No.
Pupils.
Lycees (France) .
42
14,777
Colleges (France
and Algeria) .
50
8,079
Secondary cour;?es
(France and Al-
geria)
(59
7,379
Total .
161
30,831
1910
No.
Pupils
49
18,093
76
11,592
57
5,750
182
35,441
30,291
In 1910 the expenditure of the li/cees for boys amounted to 44 '5 million francs ; that of the lyc6es for girls to 5 millions ; nearly 5 millions was devoted to scholarshijjs and prizes to lycees for boys and girls. In Paris and a number of provincial towns there are courses of secondary instruction for girls, either private or organised by the communes. Secondary instruction is also given to girls in a great number of day schools and board- ing schools, lay and cleric. Many of the clerical institutions for girls as well as for boys have been transformed into lay institutions.
Higher Instruction is supplied by the State in the universities and in special schools, and by private individuals in the private faculties and schools. The freedom of higher instruction was established by the law of July 12, 1875, modified by that of March 18, 1880, which reserved to the State faculties the exclusive right to confer degrees. A decree of December 28, 1885, created a general council of the faculties, and the creation of universities, each consisting of several faculties, was accomplished in 1897, in virtue of the law of July 10, 1896.
The faculties are of four kinds : 14 faculties of Law (Paris, Aix, Bordeaux, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Montpellier, Nancy, Poitiers, Rennes, Toulouse, and Algiers, which had (Jan. 15, 1912), from 7,507 (Paris) to 351 (Grenoble) matriculated students ; 8 faculties of Medicine (Paris, 4,360 ; Montpellier, Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon, Toulouse, Nancy, 329) ; 16 faculties of Sciences (Paris, 1,752; Besancon, Bordeaux, Caen, 100; Clermont, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier, Nancy, Poitiers, Rennes, Toulouse, and Algiers); 16 faculties of letters (at the to»vns last named) having from 3,011 (Paris) to 75 students ; 8 higher schools and mixed faculties ; 15 schools with full functions and preparatory schools of medi- cine and pharmacy, with from 691 to 8 students. The following statement shows the number of students by faculties or schools in January, 1904, 1911, and 1912:—
3 E 2
