JUSTICE AND CRIME 1011
iJenoa. Milan, Venice, Rome, and Bari), with 2,554 students in 1917-18 ; three higher schools of agriculture ("Milan, Perugia, and Portici) with 370 students ; five engineering colleges (Turin, Milan, Bologna, Rome and Naples) with 5,014 students ; the higher naval college at Genoa with 277 students ; the high school of forestry in Florence, with 20 students (191 1 the school of social science in Florence, with 75 students (1917-18) ; the school for Oriental languages in Naples, with 53 students; 3 vet" colleges (Tuna, Milan, an; ith 130 students; 3 women's training
colleges (Florence, Rome, and Naples), with 691 students.
In 1919 there was set u[> a national institute for the instruction of illiterate adults.
Justice and Crime.
Italy has 5 Courts of Cassation (4 of which have ji i xclusivel y
in civil matters 1 , and is divided for the administration of justice into 20 appeal court districts, subdivided into 162 tribun i and these
again into mandamenti, each with its own magistracy iPretura), 1,535 in all. In 12 of the principal towns there are also Pretori urbani (15), who have jurisdiction exclusively in penal matters. For civil busin- the magistracy al>ove- mentioned, Coneiiiatori have jurisdiction in p*tty plaints.
The Pretori have jurisdiction concerning all misdemeanours (contravvenzioni) and offences (delitti) punishable by imprisonment (reclusion and detention) not exceeding six months, or banishment not exceeding one year, or by fine not exceeding 2.000 lire. The penal Tribunals have jurisdiction in the first instance in offences (delitti) for which the Code establishes a mtntnua penalty not exceeding five years of imprisonment and a maximum not exceeding ten years, or in offences punishable by a fine, exceeding 2,000 lire. „ The Courts of Assise, which in all cases have juries, have jurisdiction in all proceed- ings concerning serious offences punishable by inipri<"nment for life (ergastolu), or by imprisonment (reclusion and detention) exceeding in the Ministam five years, and in the maximum ten years. They have exclusive jurisdiction (save that the Senate is, on occasion , a high Court of Justice) concerning offences against the internal and external security of the state, and all press offences. Appeal is allowed to the penal Tribunals from the sentences of the Pretori. and to the Courts of Appeal from those of the penal Tribunals. There is no appeal from sentences of the Courts of Assize. The Court of Cassation in Rome has power to annul, for illegality, sentences passed by the inferior magistracy and to decide questions of jurisdiction or compe'ency.
Statistics of persons convicted of offences of all kinds —
Convictions
-6-, Before the 3vnE n S? Before the
"" *"«* (finance, Corti d'Aadse
1,669 1,253 1,144
In 1918 (January 1) there were 30,704 males and 2,903 female prisoners ; and 3,202 males and 1,441 females were placed in reformatories. At that date there were 167 central and arrondis«ement 'prisons, 70 penal establish-
