716 BRAZIL
36,246 Germans; 10.498 French; 7,736 British; and 1,573 Belgians. In 1919 there were 5,701 immigrants,
A boundary treaty with Colombia was signed on April 24, 1907 ; with Peru on September 8, 1909 ; and with Uruguay on May 7, 1913.
Religion.
The connection between Church and State has been abolished, and absolute equality declared among all forms of religion. The Government left to the Church all religious buildings and their properties and income. All churches are perfectly free ; religious orders are allowed and are prosperous. All but about 100,000 of the population are Catholics.
There is a Cardinal whose seat is at Rio de Janeiro and who acts as an Archbishop, an archbishop at Bahia, one at Rio de Janeiro, one at San Paulo, one at Para, and one at Mariana (Minas). There are 25 suffragan bishops. For instruction of the clergy there are 13 seminaries.
Instruction.
Education is free but not compulsory, except in several municipalities in S. Paulo, which insist on compulsory education (e.g. RibeirEo Preto). The Union Government undertakes to provide, in part, for higher or university instruction within the Union, but there are institutions of this nature main- tained, some by the States, and some by private associations ; while primary and training schools are maintained and supervised, either by the States or by the municipalities. There is one university in Brazil, the University of Rio de Janeiro, founded on September 7, 1920 ; and there are 25 faculties which confer degrees. In Rio de Janeiro are also the military college, the preparatory school of tactics, and the naval school. In Porto Alegre and Barbacena there are also preparatory military colleges. At the Capital are maintained by the Federal Government a school for the blind and another for the deaf and dumb. The Federal Government maintains also a School of Arts and a National Institute of Music in the Capital, there being similar academies of music in the States of Maranhao, Para, Sao Paulo, and several in the State of Rio de Janeiro. In Manaos, Bahia, and Curitiba there are schools of Fine Arts. There are engineering polytechnics at Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Porto Alegre, and one mining school at Ouro Preto. There are, besides, 28 industrial schools, 11 agricultural and 9 commercial institutions for tuition. There are faculties of law at Recife, Sao Paulo, Ceara, Goyaz, Para, Bahia, Bello Uorizonte, Porto Alegre, and Rio de Janeiro (2) ; faculties of medicine at Rio de Janeiro. Sao Paulo, Curitiba, Bahia, and Porto Alegre ; colleges of pharmacy at Ouro Preto, Belem, Juiz de Fora, Porto Alegre, and Sao Paulo ; schools of odontology at Rio de Janeiro, Bello Horizonte, Porto Alegre and also attached to the colleges of medicine and pharmacy ; engineering colleges at Rio, Ouro Preto, Bahia, Recife, Porto Alegre, and Sao Paulo ; and since 1916 a school of Economics and Politics (Escola de Altos Estudos) in Rio de Janeiro.
There were in 1914 in the various States, 12,744 primary schools with 700,120 pupils and 20,590 teachers. Of the total number 85 were Federal government schools, 6,985 State Government schools, and 2,647 municipal schools. There were also 327 secondary schools with 30,258 pupils, and 151 professional schools with 19,294 pupils. For teachers' diplomas there are 29 colleges. In recent years public instruction has made great progress.
Brazil has many public libraries. The National Library in Rio contains more than 400,000 books and manuscripts. There is also a National Museum, an Academy of Fine Art, and a Botanical Garden.
