720 BRAZIL
was 41,500 tons (36,500 toDs in 1916). In 1917 the production of cotton was 75,000 tons, and in 1919 it was estimated at 119,500 tons. Cocoa is pro- duced in many States (60,000 tons in 1918), but chiefly in Espirito Santo, and Bahia, where also the tobacco industry flourishes. The annual produc- tion of tobacco is 50,000,000 kilos. The average annual production of sugar may be taken as 300,000 tons (399,600 tons for 1919-20). In 1918 the pro- duction of maize was 5,000,000 metric tons.
The census of cattle for 1917 showed that there were in Brazil 30,705,400 cattle ; 18,400,530 swine : 10,949,930 sheep ; 10,048,570 goats ; 7,289.690 horses ; 3,207,940 mules. On December 31, 1918, the estimated number of cattle was 37,500,000.
Both the forests and mines of Brazil are important. There has been a lumber development in the last few years, and pine has become an im- portant export (152,000 metric tons in 1918). The mines, with certain re- servations, belong to the proprietors of the soil. Coal deposits exist in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina, Parana, and Sao Paulo, much of the coal being of inferior quality. Gold is found ; diamond districts are Diamantina, Grao Mogol, Chapada Diamantina, Bagagem, Goyaz, Matto Grosso, and other States. Petroleum also exists in workable quantities. Manganese ores are worked in Rio de Janeiro and Minas Geraes (export in 1917 : 532,855 metric tons). The greater part of the world's supply of monazite comes from Brazil. Other mineral exports are mica and talc, copper ore, platinum, rock crystal, agate, but all of these are found in small quantities.
The most important manufacturing industry in Brazil is cotton weaving, which in the past 25 years has developed to such an extent that all but the finer grades are made in this country, and the importation of cotton goods from Europe is decreasing. There were in 1918 202 cotton factories with 1,500,722 spindles and 78,186 workmen, having a capital invested in them of 267,934 milreis, and an output valued at 261,183 milreis. The manu- facture of silk is also being encouraged ; the Federal Government grants premiums to silk cocoon producers. There are 2 silk mills at Petropolis near Rio. There were 2,036 tobacco factories in Brazil in 1916. In Pernambuco there are 47 sugar factories, in Campos (Rio de Janeiro) 40, in Bahia 12, and in other parts of Brazil 15. In Rio de Janeiro flour milling is important, wheat being imported chiefly from the Argentine and Uruguayan Republics, but the imports of wheat flour are very large, mostly from the Argentine Republic and the United States. Brewing, being protected, is prosperous. Altogether there are 11,335 factories in Brazil, with a capital of 665,676,000 milreis, an annual output of 741,536,000 milreis, and 151,841 employees. Efforts are being made to establish a fishing industry.
In the southern States of Brazil there are prosperous German, Russian, and Italian colonies. The colonies maintained by the Union are the nineteen following:— A ffonso Penna (founded in 1908), in the State of Espirito Santo ; Visconde de Maim (1908) and Itatiaya (1908) in the State of Rio de Janeiro ; Jofto Pinheiro (1910) and Inconfidentes (1910) in that of Minas Geraes ; Bandeirantes (1908) and Moncao (1910) in that of S. Paulo ; Ivahy (1907), Tayo (1908), Iraty (1908), Vera-Guarany (1909), Senador Correia (1907), Jesuino Marcondes(1907), Cruz Machado (1910), Amicarana(1912), and Yapo (1913), in Parana; Annitapolis (1908), Senador Esteves Junior (1910) and Rio Branco (1913), in Santa Catharina. On December 31, 1918, the popu- lation of the Federal Colonies was 37,535, including 3,172 Germans, 12,209 Brazilians, and 22,154 of other nationalities.
