JUSTICE AND CRIME
35
There were in 1918-19 21,436 certificated teachers, 304 assistant teachsrs, and 6 pupil teachers. In 1919-20 there were at 4 training centres and 3 training colleges 2,244 senior students ; and 2,198 junior students at 118 training centres. In 1919-20 there were 956 continuation class centres.
Ireland. — Elementary education in Ireland has been, since 1831, under the control of the ' Commissioners of National Education in Ireland.' In 1918 there were 8,002 primary schools in operation : the average number of pupils on the registers was 688,955 ; and the average attendance was 488,031.
The teachers receiving personal salaries from the Commissioners on December 31, 1918, numbered approximately 7,590 principal teachers, 6,770 assistants, besides 45 workmistresses and 2,380 junior assistant teachers. There are 7 training colleges, affording facilities for the training of 1,195 King's scholars.
The expenditure under the Education Ac 19 was as follows : —
England and Wale Scotland Ireland .
Total U.K.
Source of Income
I.am1 RAt*« Parliamentary Other Receipt* T ,
L 06 * 1 ***** : Vote* t Grant*! (fees. A
£
22,385,000
I4,flO»,OM
£.
3,139.000 2,340,000
£ 2,321,000 986,000 |l i a*
3,749,000
53,102,000
Justice and Crime- England and Wales.
The Supreme Court of Judicature is the ultimate authority in all cases, civil and criminal, in England an 1 Wales. It exercises its power through the High Court of Justice and a variety of subordinate local courts. The principal courts having criminal jurisdiction are the petty sessional courts, the general or quarter sessions, the courts of oyer and terminer and gaol delivery, more popularly known as ' assizes, : and the Central Criminal Court. Two or more justices of the peace, the Lord Mayor or any alderman of the City of London, or any metropolitan or borough police magistrate or other stipendiary magistrate, sitting in a court house, constitute a petty sessional court. The courts of quarter sessions are held four times a year by the justices of the county. Similar courts can be held at other times, and are then called 'general sessions.' Two justices constitute a court, but usually a larger number attend. Women may be magistrates. Certain cities and boroughs have a court of quarter sessions, with similar jurisdiction to the county justices in quarter sessions assembled, in which the recorder of the borough is the judge. The assize courts are constituted by Judges of the High Court (or in some cases by King's Counsel bearing His Majesty's special commission). These go on circuit twice or four times a year, visiting everv comity in turn, and hearing and determining all civil cases entered for trial and all criminal cases presented by the Grand Jury of the County or Riding of the County. Trials are, in general, by jury, and the jury, sabject to the direction of the Judge on points of law, are the sole judges of the facts of the
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