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212 AHMEDABAD AI the Mogul empire, and left it to its fate. The Sikh chieftains in the Punjaub revolted against him, and he crossed the Indus for the sixth time in 1762, and coerced them to a temporary obe- dience, which they finally threw off after a sev- enth expedition of Ahmed in 1763-'4, made unsuccessful by the desertion of part of his army. He was succeeded by his son Timour. AHMEDABAD, or Alimadabad, a fortified town of British India, capital of a district of the same name, in the presidency of Bombay, on the Subbermutti, 50 m. N. of the bay of Cambay, and 309 m. by railway N. of Bombay ; lat. 23 1' N., Ion. 72 42' E. ; pop. about 130,000. The city is 6 m. in circumference, and is surrounded by high walls with towers. It was founded in 1426 by Ahmed, shah of Guzerat, as a cap- ital. Its splendor was increased under Akbar and his successors (1572-1712); and in the 17th century it was the finest city of Hindostan. It was also noted for its commercial prosperity, having a large trade in indigo, cotton, and opium, and manufactures of gold, silver, and silk ; but it was ruined by the Mahratta rule, which was not finally extinguished by the Eng- lish till 1818. The most gorgeous relics of Ahmedabad are the great mosque, the mosque of Sujat Khan, the fire temple, and the tower of silence of the Parsees. The once famous gardens are nearly destroyed ; but the environs are still remarkable for their beauty. Col. Briggs's work, "The Architecture of Ahmeda- bad," beautifully illustrated, was published in London in 1866. iniHiM M.I K. or Ahnadnagar. I. A dis- trict, familiarly called Nagar, including the sub-collectorate of Nasik, in the Poona divi- sion of the presidency of Bombay, British In- dia; area about 10,000 sq. m. ; pop. upward of 1,000,000, including nearly 200,000 members of wild tribes and low castes, and 50,000 Mos- lems. II. A town, capital of the district, 70 m. N. E. of Poona, and 125 m. E. of Bombay, on the river Seena ; pop. about 30,000. The fortress, one mile in circumference, surrounded by a stone wall 30 feet high, and by a broad and deep ditch, and fianked by round towers, is one of the strongest in India. In addition to stone walls, the city is defended by an impene- trable hedge of prickly pear about 20 feet nigh. The locality is renowned for boar hunting, and abounds in game. The malaria, formerly dead- ly, was removed by draining previous to 1829, when the headquarters of the Bombay artillery was established here. The city was founded in 1493 by Ahmed Nizam Shah. It was part of the Mogul empire from 1634 to 1707, when it Was captured by the Mahrattas. In 1797 it was taken by Sindia, from whom it was wrest- ed by Gen. Wellesley in 1803. Soon afterward, however, it was restored to the peishwa, and it did not finally revert to English authority till 1817. AIIN, Joliaiin Franz, a German grammarian, born in Aix-la-Chapelle, Dec. 15, 1796, died at Neuss, Aug. 21, 1865. He was for many years a teacher in the RealscTiule at Nerfss. His method for the acquisition of foreign languages became very popular. His Praktischer Lehr- gang zur schnellen und leichten Erlernung der franzosischen Sprache passed through 167 edi- tions between 1834 and 1870. Besides several manuals of the German and other languages, and hand-books of conversation, letter-writing, &c., he published in English a collection en- titled "Poetry of Germany" (Leipsic, 1859), and in French IS Allemagne poetique (1861). AHRENS, Helnrich, a German jurist and psy- chologist, born at Kniestedt, Hanover, July 14, 1808. He studied at Gottingen, and was impli- cated in the political disturbances of 1831, af- terward lectured in Paris on German philoso- phy and psychology, and from 1834 to 1848 was professor of philosophy at Brussels, declin- ing invitations from the universities of Leyden and Utrecht. In 1848 he was a member of the Frankfort parliament and of the commit- tee appointed to draw up a German constitu- tution. In 1850 he was appointed professor at Gratz, and since 1859 he has been connected with the university of Leipsic, which he represents in the first Saxon chamber. He has published in French Cours de psychologic (2 vols., Paris, 1837-'8), and Cours du droit naturel (Paris, 1838; 5th ed., 1860). He published a German version of the latter under the title of Die Rechtsphilosophie, oder das Naturrecht aufphi- losophwch - anthropologicher Grundlage (Vi- enna, 1851). This work has also been trans- lated into Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Hungarian, and is used as a basis for academi- cal studies in Brazil, Peru, and Chili. It forms the first part of his great work Philosophic des Rechts. The second part contains Die orga- nwche StaaUlehre (Vienna, 1850) and Die ju- ristische Encyklopadie (1855-'7). AHRIHAN, the name of the evil principle in the ancient Persian religion. See OKMUZD. AHWAZ, or Ahwnz, a small town on the river Karun in Persia, province of Khuzistan, 70 m. K. N. E. of Bassorah, and 45 m. S. S. W. of Shuster. It is a very insignificant place, con- taining about 1,600 inhabitants, but it is in the immediate neighborhood of a vast collection of ruins, the remains of a city ascribed to the pe- riod of the Parthian empire, and which was very prosperous under the caliphs. It must have been a city of considerable magnitude, and the ruins extend for 12 miles along the bank of the river. Near it is a strong dam built across the bed of the river to irrigate the surrounding country; and there are remains of a fine bridge and a large palace. AI, an ancient city of Palestine, in the terri- tory of Benjamin, about 12 m. N. of Jerusa- lem, as near as can at present be determined. It is first mentioned in Scripture as the place where Abraham and Lot pitched their tents when journeying from Haran. It was captured and destroyed by Joshua, and became a heap of stones, but was rebuilt so as to be a place of some note in the time of Jeremiah.