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252 ALBERT ALBERTUS MAGNUS States, he was generally believed to have exer- cised his influence in favor of the Union. He refused the chief command of the English army, which had been proposed to him by Wellington. The title of " his royal highness prince consort " was conferred upon him by letters patent, under the great seal, June 25, 1857, so that in case of his surviving the queen he might act as regent during the minority of the prince of Wales. Victoria mourned his death with almost unex- ampled pertinacity. A publication in 1857 of Prince Albert's public addresses was succeeded in 1862 by a fuller work of the kind, prepared at the request of the queen. u The Early Years of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, by Lieut. Gen. the Hon. 0. Grey," was published 1867-'8. . Queen Victoria's " Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands, from 1848 to 1861," edited by Arthur Helps (1868), con- tains interesting allusions to the excellent prince, whose memory has been perpetuated in England by many beautiful monuments. ALBERT, Fiiedrlch August, crown prince of Saxony, a German general, son of the reigning king John, born in Dresden, April 23, 1828. As the people over whom he is destined to rule are Protestants, while the royal family are Roman Catholics, a Protestant tutor was selected for him in the person of the Saxon historian Dr. von Langenn. In 1848-' 9 he took part in the Schleswig-Holstein war. In 1854, after the accession of his father to the throne, he was called upon to pre- Bide over the council of state, having pre- viously been a member of the upper chamber. In 1866 he commanded the Saxon army in cooperation with Benedck's Austrian forces against Prussia, and received a decoration for the excellent behavior of his troops. When Saxony was obliged to join the North German confederation and to place the armed forces under the control of Prussia, they were desig- nated as the 12th corps of the North German army under command of Prince Albert, who highly distinguished himself at the battles of Gravelotte (Aug. 18, 1870) and Sedan (Sept. 1). He was rewarded with the Prus- sian iron cross, and with the rank of North German commander-in-chief over the newly formed 4th army, composed of Prussians and Saxons, at the head of which, after valuable services at the siege, he made his entry into Paris with the emperor and the other princes of Germany. He married in 1853 a princess of the Vasa family. ALBERT EDWARD, prince of Wales, duke of Saxony, and prince of Coburg-Gotha, heir ap- parent to the British throne, second child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, born in Buckingham palace, London, Nov. 9, 1841. He was created prince of Wales and earl of Chester by letters patent Dec. 8, 1841, and earl of Dublin Jan. 17, 1850. He is duke of Cornwall pursuant to the statute of Edward III., 1337, the annual revenues of the duchy being about 50,000. In conformity with an act of the Scotch parliament in 1449, he is high steward of Scotland, duke of Rothsay, earl of Carrick, baron of Renfrew, and lord of the isles. He is a general in the army, colonel of the 10th hussars, captain general and colonel of the honorable artillery company, barrister at law and a bencher of the Middle Temple, president of the society of arts and of other societies, and chancellor of the university of Cambridge. In 1860 he visited the United States and Canada, accompanied by the late duke of Newcastle; and on March 10, 1863, he married at Windsor Alexandra, eldest daugh- ter of Christian IX. of Denmark. His eldest son, ALBERT VICTOR, was born at Frogmore Lodge, Jan. 8, 1864. In the autumn of 1871 he was seized with a dangerous typhoid fever, which produced much public anxiety ; and his convalescence was celebrated with great pomp at St. Paul's cathedral, Feb. 27, 1872. ALBERTI, Leone Battista, an Italian architect, poet, painter, and sculptor, born in 1404, died in Rone in April, 1472. His essays on paint- ing and sculpture are greatly admired. His most famous work, however, is a treatise De Be jEdificatoria. As an architect, he was often employed by Pope Nicholas V., and he designed and superintended the erection of many edifices in Florence, Rimini, and Mantua. ALBERTINELLI, Mar lot to, a Florentine painter, born about 1475, died about 1520. He was a friend and pupil of Fra Bartolommeo, and an imitator of his style. There is a beautiful painting by him in the gallery of the Uffizi at Florence, representing the visitation of Mary and Elizabeth. Fine pictures of his are found in Florence and Munich, and in the Louvre. ALBERT N'YANZA. See N'YANZA. ALBERTTS MAGNUS (ALBERT THE GREAT), a scholar of the 13th century. He was of a no- ble Swabian family, studied at Padua, and en- tered the Dominican order. He was employed as a teacher in various schools, especially at Co- logne. In 1254 he was appointed provincial of his order in Germany, and in 1260 bishop of Ratisbon. In 1262 he returned to his con- vent, and died there in 1280. He was perhaps the most learned man that the middle ages produced. The titles of his works fill many pages in catalogues, and all branches of human knowledge, theology, philosophy, natural his- tory, physics, astronomy, and alchemy, are rep- resented in them. He devoted himself espe- cially to the study of Aristotle and of the Arab philosophy. His contemporaries, marvelling at his learning, regarded him as a magician, and he became the subject of many legendary sto- ries. But his works prove that he had more patience than genius ; he accumulates citations from his immense reading almost by chance, and settles vital problems by carefully balan- cing the weight of authorities. He had numer- ous disciples (of whom Thomas Aquinas was the most distinguished), called Albertists, who propagated his doctrines, and confirmed the vogue of Aristotle during the middle ages.