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412 AMERICAN INDIANS (LANGUAGES) Laymon ; and the Cochimi, with three, North Cochimi, Edu, and Didu. Of the Guaicuru our best notice is in Begert's Nachrichten (Mann- heim, 1772), of which Eau has given a transla- tion. In Central America, besides the Maya and Mexican already noticed, there were fami- lies which Squier supposes affiliated with the Guaranis and Caribs. For the study of these we have Cotheal and Henderson's "Gram- matical Sketch of the Mosquito" (New York, 1846), Scherzer on the Valientes and Tala- mancos, Squier's vocabularies, and his mono- graph of authors on the languages of Cen- tral America (London, 1861). II. SOUTH AMERICAN. The Caribs (whose vernacular name was Calina or Galibi) once dwelt on the shores of Colombia, in Guiana, and on the Lesser Antilles. They speak about 30 dialects, which are very harmonious, but of a weak utterance, so that I and r, ft and p, g and Ic are almost alike. Nearly all words end in vowels. Conjunctions conclude the sentence ; animate and inanimate things have different forms of expression. Terminations of cases : da- tive a, accusative pona, ablative ta. Persons : rnasc. a?, wara, fern, nucuya, niuro, I; wana, we; amoro, Hurra, amenle, thou ; hocoya, you ; likia, he; moscan, they. Possessives: prefix e, my ; a, thy ; suffix 0, his. Verbal pronouns : prefix *, 1st person; m, 2d; n, 3d; plural, nanan, &c. Of the principal Caribbean dia- lects, the Chaymas is spoken in Cumana. The Tamanaca has more verbs obtained by means of prefixes than perhaps any other language ; it lacks /, s, and <7, has six conjugations, many tenses (a preterite of yesterday, another of two weeks ago, a third of six months and more ago), and forms for near, others for distant ob- jects; the auxiliary of the passive is uocciri, to be ; brother and sister are distinguished as to age, as in Magyar and other Uralo-Altaic tongues. The Arrawak, on the banks of the Berbice and Surinam, has many remarkable peculiarities, such as the formation of the pas- sive voice by changing the final n of the infini- tive active into Aun, and many prefixes and suffixes. Caribbean grammars were published by Fathers Tauste, Kuiz Blanco, R. R. Breton, and Gilj, and dictionaries by the first and last named (1665-'7), and an anonymous one (Paris, 1763). Some writers represent the Caribbean language as a branch of the Guarani, which they divide into the southern or Guarani prop- er, the middle or Tupi of Brazil, from the island of Santa Catarina to the mouths of the Amazon, and the northern or Caribbean. The follow- ing seven languages are worth notice, viz. : 1. That of the Mozcas (Muyscas), who before the advent of Europeans inhabited the table land of Bogota, and who in consequence of a culture higher than that of their neighbors extended their idiom among them. It coce prevailed in the city of Bogota, but is ndw extinct. It counted by 20, had a negative con- jugation, and many excellent pecularities ; it lacked d and z, and had an indistinct /. 2. Of the Saypures, on the upper Orinoco. 8. Of the Salivis, between the Meta and Guaviare, afflu- ents of the Orinoco, and in the Venezuelan prov- ince of Casanare ; full of nasal sounds. 4. Of the Ottomacas, between the Apure and Sina- rucu, spoken with the utmost rapidity. 5. Of the Yaruras, between the Meta and the Ca- sanare; it lacks , abounds in the Spanish aspirate j, and uses the substantive verb as auxiliary of all others. 6. Of the Betois, on the Casanare, without p. 7. Of the Mainas, in the province of that name, differing from its neigh- bors. In the eastern parts of Colombia there are Caribbean dialects. Grammars have been prepared by Fathers Anisson, De Tauste, and De Lugo, and a vocabulary by De Tauste (1680). The Andi-Penivian family of nations is divided into four classes: 1. The Quichuas (pronounced with a faucal croaking sound, hence also written Qquichhuas) or Incas were more widely spread at the time of the Euro- pean invasion than they are now. They differ from the other indigenous races of South Amer- ica, resembling more the Mexicans, and being of a dark olive complexion. The language of the incas, however, was not intelligible to their subjects, and Fr. Lacroix supposes that it was a sort of hieratic jargon, unknown to the pro- fane. The Puquini about Paz and Lima ob- stinately conceal their idiom from foreigners. The language of the Quichuas was extended, by the agency of the incas, over their whole empire ; so that it was known to all officers and educated persons from Quito as far as Chili and the kingdom of Tumac, and, sporad- ically, as far as the banks of the Plata. It consists of five dialects : a, Cuzcucano, one of the most cultivated idioms of South America, spoken also by the Creoles of Lima and by others ; ft, Quitefla, the hardest and most cor- rupt ; c, Lam an o of Truxillo ; eZ, Chinchaisuyo of Lima ; e, Calchaqui of Tucuman. The Qui- chua sounds very harsh and explosive ; it lacks &, d, f, g, j, v, to, x, and z. It has cases and prepositions. The plural is generally formed by adding cuna. It has two forms of we. Munani, I love ; munanqui, thou ; munan, he ; munanchic and munaycu, we ; munanquichic, ye; munancu, they; munac, lover; munay, love ; munatca, the person or thing loved. It counts by tens up to hundreds of thou- sands ; and has a very rich and perfectly regu- lar conjugation, even of the substantive verb. Its phraseology is simple, and the verb con- cludes the sentence. It was used for writing even by the incas, and the Limans prided them- selves on their speaking it purely. There are grammars by Domingo de S. Tomas (1560), D. de Torres Rubio (1603), D. G. Holguin (1608), and many others ; and in English, Markham's "Con- tributions toward a Quichua Grammar and Dic- tionary" (1864). 2. The Aymaras, probably descended from the high plains about Lake Titi- caca (from the bosom of which Manco-Capac, the founder of the inca dynasty, was said to have risen), are almost surrounded by the Qui-