Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/512

480 ANDLAW source. The production of Chili, and of Peru also, in these ores might be largely increased, were there better facilities for getting the ores to the coast, or were there convenient supplies of fuel for converting them into pro- ducts more economical for shipment. The nitrate of soda mines of Peru have already been noticed. The finest gem of the Andes is the eme- rald, the Tunca mines near Bogota furnishing nearly all hi the market. The name Andes, ac- cording to Garcilasso, is derived from Anti, the name of an ancient province E. of Cuzco. Others think it may have come from the aboriginal word anta, copper, this metal being so abun- dantly distributed through the mountains. Col. Tod, in his work on Eajasthan, notices that the northern Hindoos apply the name Andes to the Himalaya mountains. But Hum- boldt says there are no means of interpreting it by connecting it with any signification or idea ; if such connection exist, it is buried in the obscurity of the past. See " The Narrative of the Ten Years' Voyage of H. M. Ships Ad- venture Tind Beagle," by Captain King, Cap- tain Fitzroy, and Charles Darwin (London, 1839); Darwin's "Geological Observations on South America" (London, 1846); "The U. S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the South- ern Hemisphere during the years 1849, '50, '51, 52," by Lieut. J. M. Gilliss and others (Philadelphia, 1856), especially vol. ii., on "The Andes Minerals, Animals, Plants, and Fos- sils; " and "The Andes and the Amazon," by J. Orton (New York, 1870). ANDLAW, Franz Xaver von, a German diplo- matist, born at Freiburg, Baden, Oct. 6, 1799. He served in the foreign office and diplomatic service of Baden, and was for many years ambassador at Vienna retiring in 1856. He wrote Erinnerungsbl&tter aus den Papieren eines Diplomaten (Frankfort, 1857), and Jtfein Tagebuch, embracing the years 1811-'61 (2 vols., Frankfort, 1862). Among his other prin- cipal works is Die Frauen in der Geschichte (2 vols., Mentz, 1861). ANDOCIDES, an Athenian orator, born in 467 B. C. Accused in 415 of aiding Alcibiades in profaning the mysteries and mutilating the Hermffi, he was banished after revealing the names of four of the guilty parties, who were then executed. On the establishment in 411 of the government of the 400, he returned to Athens, but was imprisoned on a charge of rendering some service to their demo- cratical opponents at Samos. Escaping soon after, he fled to Cyprus, where he remained till another revolution at Athens encouraged him to go thither once more to solicit the restora- tion of his rights. He was unsuccessful, and had to retire a third time into banishment. On the overthrow of the tyranny of the thirty in 403 he was, however, permitted to return, and for several years he enjoyed much of his former consideration and influence; but having been convicted of illegal conduct during an embassy to Sparta, he was a fourth time driven into ex- ANDOEEA ile, where he died at an advanced ape. There are three orations of Andocides extant in de> fence of himself, besides one against Alcibiades, which is, however, considered spurious. His style is simple and unadorned. The best edi- tion of these orations is that of Baiter and Sauppe (Zurich, 1838). ANDORRA, a small republic situated between the French town of Foix, in the department of Ari6ge, and the Spanish town of Urgel, in the province of Lerida, in valleys shut in on all sides by the Pyrenees, excepting on the south along the Balira and its affluents ; area, 200 sq. m. ; pop. estimated at about 12,dOO. It is divided into 6 communes. The capital, of the same name, is in lat. 42 30' N., Ion. 1 30' E., 30 m. S. of Foix and 12 m. N. of Urgel; pop. about 800. The other principal places are Ordino, San Julian, Encam, Canillo, Masana, and the beautifully situated springs of Escaldas, which French speculators have sought to convert into a fashionable watering and gambling place. The chief products are to- bacco, grapes, and timber. Game abounds. Ce- reals are imported from France. There is some traffic in wood, iron, and wool, but the princi- pal occupation is cattle raising. The Andor- rans, having assisted Charlemagne against the Moors, were rewarded with the privilege of self-government, the emperor only reserving to his crown some feudal claims, which were ce- ded in 819 by Louis le Ddbonnaire to the bishop of Urgel. The counts of Foix and subsequently Henry IV. reasserted these claims, but they were relinquished during the French revolu- tion, and partly restored in 1806 at the request of the people of Andorra. The republic con- tinues to maintain its independence under the suzerainty of France and the authority of the bishop of Urgel. The executive power is held by the president or first syndic of the general council, assisted by a second syndic, both elected for four years by its 24 members, who are themselves elected for the same term by four heads of families of each commune. Jus- tice is administered by two viguiers or primary magistrates, respectively appointed by the French government and by the bishop of Urgel, who also alternately name a civil magistrate. The republic pays a biennial tribute of 960 francs to France and one of 891 francs in the inter- vening years to the bishop of Urgel. The An- dorrans are a fine, vigorous race, who boast of their poverty as preserving their freedom, and are very proud of their ancient institutions. Every man from 16 to 60 is trained as a sol- dier. They are illiterate, and so incommunica- tive that in Catalonia to assume ignorance is called to play the Andorran. They are, how- ever, kindly and hospitable, marry chiefly among themselves, and the principal families are all- related to each other. They speak a Catalonian dialect. The bishop of Urgel is the sole dispenser of ecclesiastical patronage for four months, his appointments being subject to papal ratification during the rest of the year.