Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/595

ANTHROPOLOGY ANTICOSTI 559 ANTHROPOLOGY, the science of man. See ANATOMY, ARCHAEOLOGY, COMPARATIVE ANAT- OMY, ETHNOLOGY, MORAL PHILOSOPHY, PHI- LOSOPHY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. ANTHROPOMORPHITES (Gr. dvtfpwTrof, man, and fiopfff, form), those who believe that God possesses a human shape. Audius, a Syrian lay- man (340), taught that God essentially exists in human form, and opposed the authority of the clergy. He was excommunicated, and his sect disappeared after about a century. In the 10th century anthropomorphism was revived, but did not attain any prominence as a doctrine. AMIDES (anc. Antipolis), a town and sea- port of France, department of Alpes-Maritimes, built on a promontory jutting into the Mediter- ranean, 15 m. S. W. of Nice; pop. in 1866, 6,829. It has fortifications erected by Vauban and some Roman antiquities, including an aque- duct in good preservation. The chief industry and trade are in salted fish, dried fruits, wine, and olive oil. The town was founded by the Greeks of Massilia (Marseilles) in the 4th cen- tury B. 0. Under the Romans it was a mili- tary station and an important seat of commerce, but it was ruined by the barbarians and Sara- cens. In later times it was strongly fortified, and successfully withstood a siege of the Eng- lish and Imperialists in 1746. ANTICHLOR, in chemistry, any substance ca- pable of eliminating the excess of chlorine or of free hypochlorous acid left in goods and paper after the process of bleaching by chloride of lime. Several agents can be employed, and they generally act by converting the chlorine into an innocuous salt. One of the first sub- stances employed for this purpose was the sul- phite and bisulphite of soda patented by Henry Donkin in 1847. In 1853 these salts were superseded by the hyposulphite of soda, which has now become the principal antichlor of commerce. Sulphide of calcium, prepared by boiling sulphur with milk of lime, has also been used as an antichlor; so likewise has a solution of protochloride of tin in hydrochloric acid. In the latter case, however, it is neces- sary, after the completion of the bleaching pro- cess, to add carbonate of sodium, in order to neutralize the free hydrochloric acid, which would otherwise act as injuriously as the free chlorine itself. The precipitate of oxide of tin thereby produced is quite white and soft, and does not interfere with the subsequent stages of the paper manufacture. Coal gas was also used as an antichlor in paper making as early as 1818, but it is not so convenient as the agents mentioned above. The products formed by the action of chlorine (or hypochlorous acid) on sulphite or hyposulphite of sodium are sulphate and chloride of sodium, both of which are innocuous and easily removed by washing. ANTICHRIST (Gr. avri, against, or in place of, and XptoT<5f, Christ), a term which occurs five times in the Bible, but only in the first and second epistles of John. These passages recog- nize the previous teaching that "Antichrist shall come ;" declare the existence even then of "many Antichrists," who "went out from" the Christians, but "were not of" them; and characterize as an Antichrist him " that de- nieth the Father and the Son," or "confess- eth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh." Most interpreters identify Antichrist with the " man of sin " (2 Thess. ii. 3) ; many also with the "little horn" of Daniel's fourth beast and the "king of fierce countenance," with the Apocalyptic beast and false prophet, and with the false Christs and false prophets foretold in Matt. xxiv. 5, 11 ; but all these are con- troverted points. The numerous representa- tions of Antichrist given by Biblical critics and theologians may be arranged under the follow- ing five heads: 1. An individual yet future. Thus most of the early Christian fathers rep- resent the " many Antichrists " of the apostle's day as forerunners or types of a terrible future Antichrist a person (of the tribe of Dan, ac- cording to Aretas, Bede, &c.) armed with Sa- tanic powers (Satan himself, say some) who is to come just before the final and glorious appearance of Christ, and then to be destroyed by Christ. 2. A polity or system. Thus the Waldenses, "Wycliffites, reformers of the 16th century, and others, make Antichrist to be the papal system, or the pope as representing the Roman Catholic polity ; others, imperial or pa- gan Rome ; others, Mohammedanism, or popery and Mohammedanism, or Judaism and pagan Rome and papal Rome, &c. 3. An individual already past. Thus Antichrist has been found by different Roman Catholic and Protestant expositors in one or another heathen emperor of Rome, Jewish leader, false Messiah, or heresiarch. 4. A class united in opposition to Christ. This opinion, held by Bengel, Mac- knight, Bishop Wordsworth, &c., makes Anti- christ a collective term, equivalent to the "many Antichrists" of 1 John ii. 18, or the embodiment or representative of a limited or unlimited class of those who set themselves up against Christ, as the false prophets or teachers about the time of the destruction of Jerusalem, or all false teachers in every age, or the partic- ular class who deny that Jesus is the Christ, or all heretics, &c. 5. An evil principle per- sonified. This opinion, held by Koppe, Nitzsch, and others, is naturally connected with the view that Satan is not a person, but only evil personified. It may be added that Jewish rab- binical books describe Antichrist under the name of Armillus, who, it is said, will defeat and slay the Messiah Ben Joseph, but will him- self be defeated and slain by Messiah Ben David ; and that Mohammedan traditions rep- resent the Jewish Messiah Ben David as him- self Al-Dajjal (Antichrist), who will be slain by Jesus. ANTICOSTI, an uncultivated island in the gulf of St. Lawrence, 120 m. long and 30 m. wide in the centre, narrowing toward both ends. It divides the gulf into a N. and a S. channel. The E. point is in lat. 49 5' N., Ion. 62 W. ; the