Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/599

ANTIGONUS ANTI-LIBANUS 563 to Antigonus and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes extravagant honors. Having defeated Ptolemy in a sea fight off Salamis in Cyprus (306), An- tigonus threw off the pretence hitherto kept up by the generals of Alexander that they were holding merely for his heirs, and as- sumed the title of king. Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Seleucus immediately called themselves kings also. Oassander, general of Macedonia, held back a little longer, but soon followed. Cassander, driven out of Greece by Demetrius (303), now formed a league against Antigonus with Seleucus and Ptolemy. In August, 301, the armies met at Ipsus. Antigonus and his son had upward of 70,000 foot, 10,000 horse, and 75 elephants; the coalition had 64,000 foot, 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed chariots. Demetrius defeated Antio- chus, the son of Seleucus, but pressed him too far in pursuit, so that Seleucus cut him off. The Thracian archers of Lysimachus broke the centre, where Antigonus, now at the age of 81, was commanding. He would not flee, saying Demetrius would come and help him, and died on the field of battle, leaving the victory to those who represented the principle of a bal- ance of power in the world. II. Antlgonns Go- uatas, king of Macedonia, grandson of the pre- ceding, and son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, born in 319 B. C., died about 240. He is supposed to have received his surname from his native village of Gona or Gonni in Thessaly. When his father was captive in the hands of Seleu- cus, king of Babylon, Gonatas offered to take his place. The affairs of Macedonia having fallen into confusion after the invasion of the Gauls, Ptolemy Ceraunus having been slain by them, and Sosthenes having died, Antigonus entered Macedonia with a small force, drove out the Gauls, and was accepted by the Ma- cedonians as their king, 277 B. C. But Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, expelled him in 273, and he fled to the Peloponnesus. On- the death of Pyrrhus shortly afterward he recovered Macedonia, was again expelled by Alexander, son of Pyrrhus, and again rein- stated by his own son Demetrius. Nearly all that is known of his subsequent reign is his at- tempt to prevent the formation of the Achaean league. He was succeeded by his son Deme- trius II. III. Antigonns Doson, king of Mace- donia, born in 280 B. C., died in 220. His sur- name was given him to signify that he was always promising gifts which he never gave. He was an illegitimate grandson of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and in 229 was named guardian of Philip, the young son of Demetrius II., whose widow he married. The Macedonian nation preferred his rule on account of his military talents, and chose him to be then* king. He was successful in his wars for the suppression of the Dardanian, Thessalian, and Moesian re- volts. In the affairs of the Peloponnesus he took the part of Aratus and the Achaean league against Cleomenes and the Spartans. He de- feated Gleomenes decisively at Sellasia in 221, and took the city of Sparta, but was recalled by a revolt of the Illyrians, whom he defeated. He was succeeded by his ward Philip V. IV. King of the Jews, and the last of the Asmo- neans, born in 80 B. C., died in 35. He was the son of Aristobulus II., and was made pris- oner and sent to Rome by Pompey. He es- caped, headed a revolt hi Judea, and was taken a second time by Gabinus, who sent him again to Eome. Julius Csesar permitted him to return. He was placed on the throne of Judea by the Parthians in 40 B. 0., and was besieged in Jerusalem by Herod and Sosius, a lieutenant of Mark Antony. He was taken, sent to Antony, scourged, and put to death. ANTIGUA, one of the British West India islands, in the Leeward group, 40 m. N. of Guadeloupe, about 18 m. in diameter ; area, 108 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, with the adjacent island of Barbuda, 35,157, including 2,146 whites. It is the resi- dence of the governor of the Confederation of the Leeward Islands, who is also governor of An- tigua. There are no rivers, and the coasts are generally dangerous to shipping; but there are three good harbors : St. John's, the capital, on the W. side ; English Harbor, on the 8., where there is a large dockyard and a royal mail packet station ; and Parham on the N. The rev- enue in 1869 amounted to 38,586, the expendi- ture to 39,252, and the public debt to 54,431. The chief products consisted in 1866 of 17,330 hogsheads of sugar, 7,852 puncheons of molas- ses, and 696 of rum ; and the total tonnage of vessels entered and cleared, exclusive of coast- ing trade, was 43,906. The total exports in 1869 were 200,973, and the imports 174,- 357. Antigua was discovered by Columbus in 1493. A few English settled there in 1632. In 1666 a grant of it was made by Charles II. to Lord Willoughby. After an interval of French occupation, which laid waste the island, it was again settled by Col. Codrington and formally ceded to Great Britain (1667). The legislature liberated the slaves, numbering about 30,000, unconditionally in 1834. The sum awarded for their emancipation was nearly 426,000, including those of Anguilla. The island con- tains besides the capital five towns, and about 100 villages of emancipated slaves. Antigua is one of the Confederation of the Leeward Islands. This Confederation commenced in May, 1872, Sir Benjamin C. 0. Pine being governor. A!VTI-UBA1VUS, or Anti-Lebanon, a mountain ridge of Palestine, one of the two offsets of the Taurus which are thrown off from that range as it passes the N. E. point of the Mediterra- nean and take a southern direction parallel to each other, as well as to the coast. The west- ern and highest of these ranges, or in a narrower sense its main portion, is the Libanus or Leba- non ; the eastern is the Anti-Libanus, called by the natives Jebel esh-Shurki. In the central part of their course they are separated by the valley of Coele-Syria, 20 m. in breadth. To the south the Anti-Libanus sends off a spur