Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/605

ANTIOQUIA ANTIPATER 569 mies met at Magnesia near Mt. Sipylus ; that of Antiochus numbered 70,000 men, that of the Romans 30,000. The Syrians were thoroughly defeated and cut to pieces, and Antiochus was compelled to submit to whatever terms the Romans chose to impose. These terms were to resign the provinces west of the Taurus, to pay a large sum for the expenses of the war, to deliver up to the Romans his elephants and ships of war, and to surrender Hannibal and the other anti-Roman refugees. Hannibal and another were allowed to save themselves by flight ; the rest were given up together with hostages for the execution of the treaty. One of these hostages was Antiochus Epiph- anes, the king's younger son. In collecting means to pay the indemnity, he plundered a wealthy temple in the province of Elymais, upon which the indignant people rose and massacred him and his attendants. Ill* An- tiocbus IV., Epiphanes, or the Illustrious, second son of the preceding, succeeded his elder bro- ther Seleucus Philopator in 175 B. 0., died in 164. He was kept as hostage at Rome until his brother sent his own son Demetrius to replace him. He recovered Ccele-Syria and Palestine in a single campaign (171), overran all Egypt except Alexandria, took captive the young king, Ptolemy Philometor, and in 170 sacked Jerusalem and plundered the temple, as related in the book of the Maccabees. He undertook four expeditions into Egypt, and would have an- nexed that country had not the Roman ambas- sadors met him on the last occasion (168) and ordered its immediate evacuation. On his re- turn home he commenced that great persecu- tion of the Jews which is related in the 2d book of the Maccabees, during which time the service of the temple was broken off for three years. He set up the statue of Jupiter Olym- pus there, and desired to introduce the wor- ship of the Greek deities, but was thwarted by the insurrection of Mattathias and his sons the Maccabees. After a frustrated attempt to plunder a temple in Elymais, he became raving mad, in which condition he died. His subjects called him, in parody on his surname, Epiina- nes, the madman. ANTIOQUIA, one of the nine states of the United States of Colombia, between lat. 5 3' and 8 9' N., and Ion. 74 3' and 76 13' W., touching the gulf of Darien on the N. W., and bounded by the states of Bolivar, Santander, Cundinamarca, Tolima, and Oauca; area, 24,823 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 365,974, about 20 per cent, white, the remainder mestizos (mixed white and Indian), mulattoes, and Indians, chiefly civ- ilized. The central range of the Andes spreads out over nearly the whole state, terminating in its E. and N. E. portions. The river Cauca flows through its entire length, and the Magda- lena forms the E. boundary, and is navigable for steamers of light draught. Antioquia is rich in gold, and although the mines and wash- ings are but little worked, the annual produce is estimated at $2,500,000. The soil is ex- tremely fertile, and the valleys lying between the various mountain ranges abound in cat- tle. Springs impregnated with iodine abound throughout the state, to which is attributed the exemption of the inhabitants from goitre, which prevails in other parts of the republic. The principal cities are Medellin, the capital, Ca- ceres, Remedies, and Zaragoza. ANTIPAROS (anc. Oliarus or Olearus), an island of the Grecian archipelago, one of the Cyclades, forming part of the eparchy of Naxos, Greece, about 3 by 7 in., separated from Paros by a strait 1 m. wide; pop. about 1,000. Cotton, barley, and wine are produced in small quantities. The island contains masses of white marble, and is celebrated for a grotto, 120 yards long, 113 wide, and 60 feet high, situated 2 m. from the sea, at an elevation of 500 feet. It consists of an immense marble arch, the roof, sides, and centre of which are covered with stalactites and dazzling crystallizations assum- ing the shapes of columns, screens, flowers, trees, &c. The stalactites hanging from the roof unite in several places with stalagmites rising from the floor, so that the arch is appa- rently supported by a continuous series of pil- lars. The grotto is entered by a natural arch of rugged rock, overhung with trailing plants. ANTIPAS, Herod. See HEROD. ANTIPATER, a Macedonian general, one of the successors of Alexander, born about 390 B. 0., died in 319. He was educated by Aris- totle. Appointed viceroy of Macedonia and Greece when Alexander made his expedition into Asia, he defeated the Spartans and slew their king Agis in 331. Alexander became dis- trustful of him, and ordered him to be super- seded, but died before the change could be made. At the division of the empire, Antip- ater received Macedonia and Greece, and the guardianship of the future child of Alexander by Roxana. When the death of Alexander be- came known, the Athenians determined to strike again for liberty, and made an alliance with the ^Etolians, Thessalians, and all the Greeks north of the isthmus except the Boeo- tians, and with the Peloponnesians who were not of the Lacedaemonian party. The allies, under the Athenian Leosthenes, were at first successful; but Antipater, having been reen- forced, gave them battle in 322 at Crannon in Thessaly, and, though the victory was not com- plete, compelled them to sue separately for peace. The Athenians and ^Etolians, deserted by their allies, were unable to continue the struggle. Antipater demanded the surrender of Demosthenes and Hyperides, the two demo- cratic orators, put a Macedonian garrison in Munychia to act in concert with Phocion and the Athenian conservative party, broke up the democratic constitution of Athens, and left the government in the hands of about 9,000 citizens who were possessed of a property qual- ification, and were disposed to peace, banishing most of the other citizens to various parts. He drove the ^Etolians into their mountains, and