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578 ANTWERP and Vandyke give the highest celebrity to the academy or museum of painting. The old bourse, which served as a model for the The Cathedral of Antwerp. London exchange, was destroyed by fire in 1858. The new bourse is near the h6tel St. Antoine. The h6tel de ville contains fine paintings. Among the other public buildings are the library and the botanical and zoologi- cal gardens. The city is connected by rail- ways with all parta of the continent, has regu- lar steam communication with English, Dutch, and German ports, and is a point of departure for emigrants to the United States. In 1840 the tonnage was about 350,000; in 185"6, 900,- 000; and in 1871, over 2,000,000. About 7,000 vessels annually enter and leave the port. The navigation and commerce of the United States with Antwerp for 1870 comprised 50 vessels entered and 48 cleared; the inward cargoes, chiefly guano and petroleum, were estimated at $4,528,693, and the outward at $2,046,147. The larger portion of the Belgian import and export trade, valued in the aggre- gate at 5,000,000,000 francs, passes through this port. Antwerp was a place of im- portance as early as the llth century, and was at the zenith of its prosperity in the 15th and 16th, with a population estimated as high as 200,000, and a commerce ex- tending all over the world; and the Scheldt was filled with shipping of all nations, 2,500 vessels being there at one time. Philip II., to protect himself against the citizens, added in 1567 a citadel to the original fortifications of 1540. A conflict in 1576-'7 between the ANUBIS local, German, and Spanish troops, resulted in the death of 10,000 persons and in the surren- der of the citadel by the citizens. In 1583 the latter defeated the attempted seizure of the city by the duke of Anjou. On Aug. 17, 1585, the citadel capitulated after 13 months' siege, one of the most eventful in history, to the duke of Parma, Spanish viceroy of the Netherlands. The prosperity of the place, shaken by these vicissitudes, was almost annihilated by the closing of the navigation of the Scheldt in the middle of the 17th century. Rotterdam and Amsterdam during this period superseded Ant- werp in importance, and its commerce did not begin to revive till after the acknowledgment of the freedom of the Scheldt navigation by Holland in 1795. The citadel was captured in 1746 and 1792 by the French, in 1793 by the Austrians, and in 1794 once more by the French. In 1809 Bernadotte protected the city against Lord Chatham's attempt to de- stroy the port and the forts. In 1814 it was defended against the English by Carnot, the French governor, and surrendered only after the conclusion of peace, May 5. After the union of Belgium with Holland (1815) Antwerp carried on an extensive trade with Java, which has since been diverted to Dutch ports. In 1830, during the Belgian revolution, the city was bom- barded from the citadel by the Dutch general Chasse, who was finally forced to surrender his stronghold Dec. 23, 1832, after a siege by a French army of 50,000 men under Marshal Ge- rard. This ended the contest with Holland, and on Dec. 30, 1832, the citadel, almost wholly de- stroyed by the bombardment, was occupied by the Belgian troops, since which period the city has become the great commercial emporium and military stronghold of Belgium. The abolition by settlement in 1863 of the Belgian Scheldt dues had a happy effect upon the prosperity of Antwerp. In September, 1871, a great part of the city was destroyed by fire, but rap- idly rebuilt. The remarkable former artistic achievements of Ant- werp are described in Schnaase's Niederlan- duche Brief e (Stuttgart, 1834) ; and among the more recent historical works relating to the city is L 'Hittoire de la villa d'Anvers, by Gens (Antwerp, 1861). AM It I > (Eg. Anepu), one of the principal Egyptian deities of the second cycle. He was represented either as a dog or a man with a dog's or a jackal's head. Sometimes he wore a double crown. A white and yellow cock- was sacrificed to him. The town of Cynopolis, in