Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/682

646 ARCHBISHOP hides, lumber, wax, iron, linen, bristles, and caviare. In 1855 the harbor of Archangel, de- fended by a fort, resisted the English attacks. Archangel, being able to receive the largest men- of-war, soon afterward became one of the chief places 'for the construction and maintenance of the Russian navy. The buildings of the ad- miralty or navy board, as well as the barracks for sailors, are situated on the island of Solom- balsk. In summer Archangel sends out nu- merous fishing boats, and in winter hunters to the utmost northern regions, such as Spitz- bergen, Nova Zembla, and the mouth of the Lena in Siberia. A special company has been formed in Archangel for the herring fishery. In 1868 the exports to Great Britain, consisting chiefly of linen goods (305,890 pieces) and oats (8,728,244 bushels), were valued at 960,938, and the total exports at 1,504,211. ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopu*), the chief of the bishops of an ecclesiastical province. The first formal sanction of this authority was by the council of Nice, in 325, which distin- guished the bishops of the capitals as metro- politans, and the more eminent of the metro- politans were termed archbishops or patriarchs. In the 8th century the title was applied to every metropolitan and to the more eminent of the bishops. Since that time, in Roman Catholic countries, the archbishops have had a more definite position in the hierarchical scale, ranking next below patriarchs, although their prerogatives have considerably varied. They possess a double character, exercising over their own diocese ordinary episcopal functions, and also having a limited jurisdiction over the bish- ops of their province, who are termed suffragans. They claim the right of calling provincial syn- ods, of presiding at them, and publishing their acts ; also the right of supervision ; and an ap- peal lies to them from the decisions of the bish- ops. The archbishop also supplies benefices left vacant by the bishops for a longer time than that prescribed by the canons, and receives the bulls of the pope, which he announces to his suffragans. The symbol of his superior authority is the pallium, a band of white wool- len worn around the shoulders. The archiepis- copal dignity has been retained in the Greek and Anglican churches. The ecclesiastical gov- ernment of England is divided into two provin- ces, Canterbury and York. The archbishop of Canterbury is the chief primate and metro- politan of all England, first peer of the realm, and member of the privy council. It is his prerogative to crown the king, and he is con- sulted by the ministry in all ecclesiastical affairs, and generally delivers in parliament the sen- timents of the bench of bishops. The arch- bishop of York crowns the queen, and is her chaplain. He also belongs to the privy council, but his inferiority to the archbishop of Canter- bury is recognized in his being styled sim'ply primate of England, while the latter is styled primate of all England. The two archbishops have precedence of all temporal peers except- ARCHDUKE ing those of the blood royal, and excepting the lord chancellor, who in processions is interposed between them. The archbishop of St. An- drews was the metropolitan of Scotland while episcopacy prevailed in that country, and the archbishop of Armagh is primate of all Ireland. In Denmark the bishop of Copenhagen has precedence of the others, but the bishop of Seeland is the metropolitan, and anoints the king. In Sweden the bishop of TJpsal is the sole archbishop. In Germany, three of the archbishops, those of Treves, Cologne, and Mentz, were electors of the empire. ARCHDEACON (Gr. apxiii&Kovos, chief minis- ter), an ecclesiastical dignitary, the assistant of the bishop. At the beginning of the 4th cen- tury there was in almost every diocese an arch- deacon, invested with authority by the bishop, particularly in the administration of temporal affairs. To him belonged the care of preserv- ing public order and propriety during the divine service, of guarding the ornaments of the church, and of tending the poor throughout the diocese. He was called the hand and the eye of the bishop, and, from his influential posi- tion, became recognized as superior to the priesthood, though retaining only the deacon's consecration. As overseer of the deacons and of the younger clergy who were not yet conse- crated, he had the supervision of their educa- tion and studies, so that a certificate from him was required before their ordination to the priesthood. "When the dioceses began to en- large, and the metropolitan churches to attach to themselves the neighboring country congre- gations, it became necessary to divide the dio- cese into a number of archdeaconries. The archdeacons increased in independence and power till the 13th century, when they claimed a jurisdiction proper to themselves, and the right to appoint their own subordinates. Sev- eral synods sought directly to limit their pre- rogatives, and it was finally decreed by the council of Trent that henceforth the archdea- cons should hold their right of supervision only by the bishops' permission. From that time they have gradually disappeared from many dioceses. England is divided into 67 archdea- conries, and it is imperative upon each arch- deacon to visit his district at least once in three years. It belongs to him to see that the church- es and chancels are in repair, that everything is done conformably to the canons, and to hear from the churchwardens any representations of public scandal. The archdeacons are ap- pointed by their respective bishops. ARCHDUKE (Ger. Erzhenog), a German title in use from very early times. We find among the Franks archdukes of Austrasia. The title also existed in Lorraine and Brabant, and was especially assumed by the house of Austria, though there is no positive historical record as to when or why it was granted to them by the emperors. The Kahleberg branch of the house of Austria or Hapsburg has used the title since 1156, but without special privileges.