648 ARCHENHOLZ with the title of ethnarch. On his return from Rome he transgressed the Mosaic law by tak- ing to wife Glaphyra, the not childless widow of his brother Alexander. In the 10th year of his reign he was accused by the Jews before Augustus of various crimes, and being found guilty was deprived of his dominions, and ban- ished to Gaul (A. D. 8), where he died. VIII. A sculptor, a native of Priene, and the son of Apollonius. He is supposed to have lived in the reign of Claudius. He made the marble bass-relief representing the apotheosis of Ho- mer. This work is now in the British museum. ARCHENHOLZ, Johann Vilhrlni. baron, a Ger- man author, born at Langenfuft, a suburb of Dantzic, Sept. 3, 1745, died near Hamburg, Feb. 28, 1812. He served in the Prussian array from 1760 to 1763, and afterward spent 16 years travelling over Europe. 'On his re- turn to Germany he devoted himself to liter- ary pursuits, and lived successively at Dres- den, Leipsic, Berlin, and finally at Hamburg. His work on "England and Italy," and his his- tories of Queen Elizabeth and Gustavus Vasa, enjoyed popularity; but his most valuable work is that on the seven years' war. His "Annals of British History since 1788" are piquant and full of anecdote. In his "His- torical Essays " he gives an account of the fili- busters and pirates who infested the West In- dies during the 17th century. From 1782 to 1791 he edited a periodical called Literatur wnd Vdlkerkunde, and from 1792 to the time of his death he was editor of the Minerva. ARCHER, an unorganized county in N. W. Texas, near the Indian territory, watered by branches of the Wichita river; area, 900 sq. m. This county was returned as having no Sopulation in 1870, its settlement having been elayed by Indian depredations. It has but little good farming land, but is well adapted to stock raising, having fine grass in abundance and plenty of water. The county is regarded as one of the most valuable in the state for its minerals, among which is bismuth. ARCHERY, the art of shooting with the bow, which is probably the oldest weapon for use in other than hand-to-hand combate, and the
Egyptian Bow, Quiver, and Arrows. Bow, Quiver, and Arrows used in the Greek Armies. ARCHERY earliest implement of the chase. The mention of the bow in the oldest portions of the Hebrew Scriptures, and its constant appearance in the sculptures of Nineveh and of Egypt, show that it was used by the oriental nations from the earliest times ; and these nations long preserved their superiority in its use; for the Greeks and Romans, who themselves made little use of the bow, though they employed foreign archers as mercenaries, found in their wars with eastern races that bowmen formed the chief strength of their enemies. The Cretans, however, ex- celled in the use of that weapon. The Per- sians, Parthians, and Numidians were among the best archers of antiquity of whom we have authentic record. In India and China the bow was also the chief weapon; and it was probably of the same form as those Chinese Bow and Ornamented Quiver. Bow and Arrows uied in India. now known in these countries, though seldom used. But the great period of archery began with the Norman conquest of England, when the longbow, originally a weapon of the Norse tribes, and brought into western Europe by Duke Rollo, was used with such effect by the Nor- mans that the Saxons found no weapon to successfully oppose it. Upon the amalgamation of the two peoples into one nation, it became the English national weapon, and was rapidly made famous. The prop- er length of the longbow was the height of the archer using it. The arrow was half as long as the bow ; from 60 to 90 Ibs. was the force needed to draw a fitting arrow to the head on a bow six feet long. Such an arrow was called " a cloth- yard shaft," from the measure, a cloth yard or three feet. The long- bow was made of Spanish yew, Eng- lish yew, or ash mentioned in the order of their excellence for the pur- pose. Arrows were made of ash, oak, and yew, weighed from 20 to 24 pennyweights, were tipped with steel and feathered with goose feath- ers. The bowstrings were of plaited Longbow.
