Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/687

ARCHILOCHUS OF PAROS ARCHIMEDES 651 when concentrated by evaporation forms the archil liquor of commerce. The dye is also met with as a violet paste, and when dissolved in alcohol is used to color spirit thermometers. In consequence of its want of permanence, ar- chil is rarely employed with any other view than to modify, heighten, and give lustre to other colors. Some confusion exists in refer- ence to the trade names of the different dyes prepared from lichens, but the best authorities confine the use of the word archil to the liquid or pasty dye obtained from the rocella tribe. Cudbear is the equivalent of persio, and is chiefly made from the lecanora tartarea, while litmus is derived from the rocella tinctoria. ARCHILOCHUS OF PAROS, one of the earliest Ionic poets, and the first who wrote in the iam- bic measure, flourished 714-676 B. C. His fa- ther was of noble descent ; his mother was a slave. After he had acquired fame by a hymn to Ceres, he became suitor to the daughter of Lycambes, a noble of Paros, who was promised him in marriage, but her father afterward re- voked the promise. The poet thereupon com- posed a lampoon upon the family so bitter that it is said the daughters of Lycambes committed suicide. He subsequently emigrated to Naxos, where he wrote tierce diatribes against his native land. He was no better satisfied with the country of his adoption. In a battle with the Thracians he flung away his shield; for this he endeavored to justify himself by writing a poem in which he said it was better that one should throw away his arms than lose his life. He acquired a high reputation, but his poems were so unbridled that they were prohibited in Sparta. He led a wandering life for years, his journeys extending as far as Italy. Return- ing to Paros, he was killed in a battle between the Parians and Naxians. The Delphian oracle, which had before his birth promised to his father an immortal son, pronounced a curse upon the man who killed him, because he had "slain the servant of the muses." Notwith- standing the license of his satires, he was ranked high by Plato, and Horace mentions him in terms of admiration. The fragments of his poems extant have been collected and edit- ed by Jacobs, Gaisford, Bergk, and better by Liebel, ArcMlochi Reliqum (Leipsic, 1812). ARCHIMANDRITE (Gr. prefix ap X t, and p.avdpa, fold or cloister), a superior or general abbot in the Greek church, exercising supervision over several abbeys and monasteries. In the Greek church the archimandrite is subordi- nate to the bishop of the diocese, having, however, some episcopal functions in the cere- monial of worship. In Sicily, some abbots of monasteries of the order of St. Basil, founded by the Greek church, are called archimandrites. Abbots of monasteries of the United Greeks, established chiefly in Russian Poland, Galicia, and Hungary, are also called archimandrites. ARCHIMEDEAN SCREW, an apparatus used for raising water. It consists of a screw blade turned around a solid axis, similar to a winding staircase, and enclosed in a hollow cylinder. When placed in an inclined position, with the lower end in water, the latter will be caught be- tween the screw blades, and the cylinder being turned in the proper direction, the water will be raised and discharged at the upper end. Our first figure represents such an apparatus, with FIG. 1. Archimedean Screw with Spiral Blade. one half of the enclosing cylinder removed, so as to expose the interior arrangement and form of the screw blade. It is still occasionally used, when water is to be raised to a limited height of 10 to 15 feet or less, and the quantity is so large that a dozen pumps would be required ; in this case an Archimedean screw turned by two or three men will economize greatly the labor, as with it each man is able to raise per minute 40 gallons of water 10 feet high, or in general to produce the labor of nearly 4,000 foot pounds per minute. This is a larger amount of work than generally can be done with pumps, in which the friction is always consider- able when compared with that of the pivots on which the Archimedean screw turns. If water is to be raised to great heights, however, say 90 or 100 feet, this apparatus is not practi- cable, and pumps are requisite. Another form of this apparatus is represented in our second FIG. 2. Tubular Archimedean Screw. figure. It consists of a tube wound spirally around a core, and operates on the same prin- ciple as the former ; but it has a much smaller capacity, and is therefore seldom used on a large scale for practical purposes. ARCHIMEDES, the most celebrated mechani- cian of antiquity, born in Syracuse, Sicily, about 287 B. C., died in 212. He is said to have visited Egypt in early life, and to have in-