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ARES ARGALL 683 happened to the city on four previous occa- sions. Its ancient site was two leagues E. of the present one ; the removal was made after Arequipa had been nearly buried in ashes from the volcano of Misti in the 16th century. ARES. See MARS. ARETffiUS, a Greek physician of Cappado- cia, flourished about A. D. 100. His contem- poraries rank him next to Hippocrates. He wrote a comprehensive treatise, in eight books, on acute and chronic diseases, which is still extant, and was published by Wigan (Oxford, 1723) and by Kuhn (Leipsic, 1828). ARETHUSA, a fountain in the island of Orty- gia, which formed a part of the ancient Syra- cuse, in Sicily. The ancients supposed its waters to be united with those of the river Al- pheus in Peloponnesus. The naiad of the foun- tain was the nereid Arethusa. (See ALPHKUS.) Another Arethusa was one of the Hesperides, the guardians of the golden apples, to obtain which was one of the 12 labors of Hercules. ARETINO. I. Gnido, or Gnldo d'Arezzo, a Bene- dictine monk, born at Arezzo near the end of the 10th century. He early occupied himself in devising new methods of writing and teach- ing music. Instead of a group of tetrachords like the Greek method, or of heptachords such as Gregory adopted, he proposed a new system, consisting of hexachords. The six syllables by which he designated his notes were suggested to him, it is said, by a Latin hymn to St. John : UT queant laxis REsonare fibrls J//ra gestorurn FAmii tuorum, SOLve pollutl Zvlbii reatum, . , Sancte Johannes. To the seventh note, si, he gave no name, and for a long time it continued to be called 5. Guide's new method of solmization attracted much attention. Whereas ten years had been required to learn to read music, a chant could be mastered by this method in a few days, and a year sufficed to make a skilful singer. Pope John XVIII. (1024-'33) invited Guido to his court and was greatly pleased with his plan. Guido not only facilitated the reading of music, but simplified the manner of writing it. Since St. Gregory, attempts had been made to im- prove musical notation. Already the seven letters, formerly written on one line, were placed on parallel lines, to indicate the rising and falling of the voice. Guido, instead of re- peating the letter, wrote it at the beginning of the line, and each time it occurred marked a point on the line. He ended by placing the points within the lines, thus rendering the written composition more compact. Guido has the fame of being the inventor of the modern gamut. II. See BRTJXI, LEONARDO. III. Pietro, an Italian writer, born in Arezzo in 1492, died in Venice in 1557. He was the natural son of a gentleman named Luigi Bacci, and was brought up by his mother, Tita. While still very young he was obliged to leave his native city on account of having written a sonnet against indulgences, and went to Perugia, where for a long time he supported himself as a book- binder. Thence he went on foot to Rome, and obtained employment in the service of Popes Leo X. and Clement VII. ; but, having com- posed 16 sonnets for as many licentious designs of Giulio Romano, he was forced to retire to Arezzo (1524), and .soon afterward to the court of Giovanni de' Medici. At length he returned to Rome, where he made love to a cook, and composed a sonnet in her praise. A Bolognese gentleman, Achille della Volta, was a rival lover, and finding Aretino one day alone, stabbed him five times in the breast and maimed his hands (1525). Displeased with the refusal of the pope to punish his assailant, Aretino sought once more the court of Giovanni de' Medici. This prince having been killed in battle in 1526, Aretino resolved to have no more protectors, but to support himself by his pen. With this view he went to Venice in 1527, where he chiefly passed the rest of his life, becoming re- conciled with the pope in 1530. His end was peculiar. Having heard of some excesses of his sisters, he found them so comical that he threw himself back in his chair laughing, fell over backward, and was killed. AREZZO. I. A province of Italy, in Tuscany ; area, 1,276 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 239,901. It is watered by the Arno, and includes the valley of the Chiana, 20 m. long, formerly a vast and pestilential marsh, but which has been drained within the last century and converted into about 40 sq. m. of the most fertile land of Italy and perhaps of Europe. Arezzo is famous for its wines, corn, oil, and fruits. Among the towns of this province are Cortona and Monte- pulciano. II. A city (anc. Arretium or Are- tium), capital of the preceding province, situ- ated in a fertile valley, near the confluence of the Chiana and Arno, about 36 m. S. E. of Florence; pop. 38,907. In antiquity it was one of the principal states of Etruria. Its extensive walls are undoubtedly Etruscan, and were of importance to the Romans as a bar- rier against the Cisalpine Gauls. It was cele- brated for its terra-cotta vases, ranked by Pliny with those of Samos and Saguntum. During the contest of the Guelphs and Ghibel- lines, Arezzo, then a very populous city, fought against Florence, but was finally obliged to yield. Among the public buildings are the magnificent Loggie, by Vasari, the cathedral and several beautiful churches, the Museo Bac- ci, and the Palazzo Publico, which has upon its front a curious series of the armorial bear- ings of the successive podestas, amounting to several hundreds. It is the birthplace of a number of distinguished men, hence known by the surname of Aretino, as well as of Pe- trarch, Vasari, and others. ARGJHJS, Mount. See ARJISH. ARGALL See SHEEP. ARGALL, Samuel, one of the early adventurers to Virginia, born in Bristol, England, in 1572, died in 1639. His first public exploit was the abduction of Pocahontas, in 1612, from the