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AKGYLL ARIALDUS 699 to death, but escaped for a time by disguising himself as a page, and going, in the suite of his stepdaughter, Lady Sophia Lindsay, to Hol- land. Returning at the head of an army, he was defeated, captured, and immediately exe- cuted. VI. Archibald, 10th earl and 1st duke of Argyll, son of the preceding, died in Sep- tember, 1703. He was acknowledged earl in 1689 by the convention of estates of Scot- land, though his father's attainder was not formally reversed until several years later. He took an active part in the revolution of 1688-'9, which placed William and Mary on the throne, and at the wish of the convention ten- dered the coronation oath to the king. The latter rewarded his services by several impor- tant appointments, and on June 23, 1701, con- ferred upon him the title of duke. VII. John, 2d duke, born Oct. 10, 1678, died Sept. 3, 1743. Immediately on his succession, although he was but 25 years old, he was appointed to near- ly all the offices before held by his father, as an extraordinary lord of session, privy council- lor, &c. In the reign of Queen Anne he was prominent in bringing about the union of Scot- land and England, and for his services in this matter was made Baron Chatham and earl of Greenwich in the peerage of England. He served with great distinction in four campaigns in Flanders, and was made a lieutenant gene- ral. He several times changed his political views to suit the dominant party ; in reward of the first of these changes, in 1710, he was appointed ambassador to Spain. On the acces- sion of the family of Hanover, which he aided efficiently, he was made commander-in-chief of the army in Scotland, and took a promi- nent part in repressing the rebellion of 1715. His influence at court at this period was also very great. On April 13, 1719, he was made duke of Greenwich, a title which be- came extinct at his death. VIII. Archibald, 3d duke, brother of the preceding, born in June, 1682, died April 15, 1761. He was appointed, soon after he became of age, lord high treasurer of Scotland, and in 1710 was made lord justice general for life. After he succeeded to his brother's title in 1743, he had almost entire control of the Scottish govern- ment. He left no issue, and the title devolved upon his cousin. IX. George John Donglas, 8th duke, Baron Sundridge and Lord Hamilton (titles first held by the 5th and 6th dukes) in the peerage of England, 2d son of John Doug- las Edward Henry, 7th duke, born April 30, 1823. His elder brother died young, and he succeeded his father April 26, 1847. Even be- fore his succession he took a prominent part in Scotch politics, especially in the discussion re- garding the Presbyterian church. On subjects connected with this he published in 1842 "A Letter to the Peers from a Peer's Son," and later several other pamphlets. In the contro- versy he was an adherent of Dr. Thomas Chal- mers, but did not agree with that clergyman in his separation from the church. After his succession to the title and his- seat in the house of lords, he became prominent as a debater. He has generally sided with the liberals. In 1852 he was appointed lord privy seal, under the ministry of Lord Aberdeen. This office he retained under Lord Palmerston till 1855, when he was made postmaster general. He retired in 1858, but in 1859 he was again made lord privy seal, and retired in 1866. In 1868 he was appointed secretary of state for India in the Gladstone cabinet. The duke has also be- come distinguished in science and literature. In 1854 he was elected lord rector of the uni- versity of Glasgow. His principal work, " The Reign of Law," was published in 1866. On March 21, 1871, the marquis of Lome, his eldest son, was married at St. George's chapel, Windsor, to the princess Louise, fourth daugh- ter of Queen Victoria. This was the first in- stance of the marriage of the daughter of a reigning sovereign of England to a subject. ARGYRO-KASTRO, a town of Turkey, in Al- bania, on the river Deropuli, an affluent of the Voyutza, 46 m. N. W. of Janina; pop. about 7,000. It is built on the side of a moun- tain, and the streets are so steep that persons on horseback are obliged to dismount. The streets are separated by ravines, planted with gardens. There is a strong castle, which was enlarged by Ali Pasha, and has accommodations for 5,000 men. ARGYROPULOS, Johannes, one of the prin- cipal revivers of Greek learning in the 15th century, born in Constantinople about 1415, died in Rome, where he held a professorship of philosophy, about 1486. He was instruc- tor in Greek to the son and grandson of Cosmo de' Medici at Florence, whence he removed to Rome. His principal works are some Latin translations of Aristotle. He was strongly pre- judiced against the Roman writers, and declar- ed Cicero to have been alike ignorant of Greek and of philosophy. ARIADNE, according to Homer, daughter of Minos, king of Crete, and of Pasiphae. When Theseus landed at Crete, with the tribute of the Athenians for the Minotaur, Ariadne fell in love with him and gave him a clew of thread by means of which he found his way out of the labyrinth. Theseus offered her his hand in token of his gratitude. Ariadne eloped with him, but as they arrived upon the island of Naxos she was killed by the arrows of Diana. According to the common tradition, Theseus abandoned her upon the island of Naxos, when Bacchus married her, and after her death trans- ferred the crown which he had given her at their wedding to the stars. ARIALDUS, a deacon and martyr of the church of Milan, born near Milan in the first half of the llth century, died in that city, June 28, 1066. He began to preach against the corruptions of the clergy at Milan about 1056. Aided by Landulphus, a young noble even more eloquent than himself, he aroused the popular feeling to such a degree that Pope Nicholas II. sent