Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/758

722 ARMAND his daughter to young Charles of Orleans, be- came the leader of the faction which hence- forth assumed the name of Armagnac, and was appointed by the queen constable of France. He succeeded in seizing on Pans, which he governed with an iron rule. At last the Pa- risians became tired of his tyranny, and by treason delivered the city into the hands of L'Isle-Adam, one of the Burgundian chiefs. Bernard hid himself, but was betrayed by a mason in whom he had confided, and was im- prisoned. A few days later the jails were mobbed by the populace, when all the Arma- gnacs were murdered, Bernard among the rest. II. Jean V., grandson of the preceding, born about 1420, assassinated in 1473. He made himself notorious by his uncontrollable pas- sions, and publicly married his own sister, Jeanne Isabelle, who had been engaged to King Henry VI. of England. This crime was made a pretext by Charles VII. for depriving him of his possessions, which were afterward restored to him by Louis XI. Notwithstanding this, Jean entered the league of the public weal against Louis, and was driven into Aragon; but by the aid of Louis's brother, the duke of Guienne, he recovered his estates, and with- stood a siege in the castle of Lectoure. The royalists obtained an entrance by stratagem, put the count to death, and forced his wife to drink of a poison which killed both herself and her unborn child. ARMAND, Charles. See ROUARIE, Marquis de la. ARMANSPERG, Joseph Louis, count, a Bavarian statesman, regent of Greece, born in Lower Bavaria, Feb. 28, 1787, died April 3, 1853. In the war of 1813-'14 he was commissioner of Bavaria in the allied army, and belonged to the board which governed the conquered regions on the Rhine. He participated in the congress of Vienna in 1815, was one of the plenipo- tentiaries with the allied army during the oc- cupation of France, and administered a large district of that country. In 1825 he was cho- sen president of the chamber of deputies, and became leader of the moderate opposition. King Louis I. made him secretary of the treas- ury and of foreign affairs. He was one of the founders of the German Zollverein. By his opposition to the ultramontanes he forfeited the confidence of the king, and retired into private life, but in 1832 was recalled to take the regency of Greece during the minority of King Otho. He entered Greece in February, 1833, and ruled until 1837 with almost limitless power. His administration was in many re- spects beneficial, but he finally became unpop- ular with the nation, the sovereign, and all the foreign diplomatists except the English minis- ter, and was dismissed. ARMATOLES, Christian captains commanding bands of klephts or brigands, who, after the establishment of the Ottoman empire in Eu- rope, succeeded in maintaining themselves independent in the possession of inaccessible mountain defiles. These warlike chiefs, con- ARMENIA stantly striving for the independence of Greece, became more and more formidable, especially in Epirus and other parts of northern Greece ; and about the beginning of the 17th century the pashas were obliged to treat with them, and admit their right to govern their mountain country. They took a leading part in the Greek revolution; and among the armatolic chieftains most distinguished in this war were Eustrates, Gogo, Makry, Saphacas and Karais- kakis (both of whom perished under the walls of Athens in 1827), Kaltzodemos (killed before Missolonghi), Odysseus, Panuryas, and Marco Bozzaris, the commander of the Suliotes. ARMENGAUD, Jean Germain Desire, a French art historian, born at Castres, department of Tarn, in 1797, died at Passy, near Paris, in March, 1869. He is the author of Histoire des pein- tres de toutes let ecoles depuis la renaissance jusqu'd nos jours (1849, completed by Charles Blanc), Les galeries publiques de VEurope (1856), Les chefs d'ceuvres de Part chretien (1858), Les tresors de Vart (1859), Le Parthe- non de Vhistoire (1863-'4), and other illustrated works. ARMENTIERES, a town of France, in the de- partment of Le Nord, situated on the Lys, oppo- site the Belgian frontier, 10m. N. E. of Lille ; pop. in 1866, 15,579. It has a college, an insane asylum, and important manufactures of linen and cotton goods. Formerly the town was fortified, but after its conquest by Louis XIV. the works were razed. ARMENIA, an inland region of western Asia, mostly within the present limits of Asiatic Turkey, but extending into the adjacent do- minions of Russia and Persia. Its boundaries have varied greatly at different periods, and are not now authoritatively fixed, estimates of its area varying from 50,000 up to 150,000 sq. m. In its largest sense, it formerly reached toward or to the Caucasus mountains on the N., nearly or quite to the Caspian sea on the E., included (according to some) the modern lake of Urumiah on the S. E., and embraced a part of Cappadocia on the S. W. and W. ; thus extending from about Ion. 36 to 49 E. and from about lat. 37 to 42 N. Ar- menia Minor or Lesser Armenia lay W. of the Euphrates, and was the eastern part of Asia Minor ; Armenia Major or Greater Armenia, usually called simply Armenia, sometimes Ar- menia Proper, lies entirely E. of the Euphra- tes. In its most flourishing period Armenia was divided into 15 provinces and 187 cantons or subdivisions, the central province being Ararad or Ararat. Armenia Major is an ele- vated and mountainous region, watered with abundant rains, and covered for some months in the year with deep snows. Its climate is severe for its latitude, which is that of New Jersey and Delaware, but is generally healthy. Its winter lasts from October to May ; its sum- mer is short and warm. It has five principal rivers : the Euphrates and Tigris, which unite and flow into the Persian gulf; the Kur (an-