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762 ARNOLD five volumes of sermons, and a volume of mis- cellaneous writings. His correspondence in two volumes was published, with a memoir, by the Kev. A. P. Stanley. ARNOLD, Thomas Kerehever, an English cler- gyman and author, born in 1800, died March 9, 1853. He was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, and in 1838 published the first of a numerous list of introductory books for the study of the Greek, Latin, Hebrew, German, French, and Italian languages. These works were extensively used in England and America. He next prepared a series of school classics, combining portions of the best Greek and Latin authors ; and the full classical series of Mr. Ar- nold covers the entire ground from first lessons to accomplished scholarship. In addition to these labors, he was an occasional writer on religious and ecclesiastical questions, and pub- lished a volume of sermons. ARNOTT, Neil, a Scotch physician and popular writer upon science, born near Montrose in 1788. He studied medicine in Aberdeen and London, paying special attention to natural philosophy, and through the influence of his instructor, Sir Everard Home, was appointed surgeon in the naval service of the East India company. The position gave him opportunity for scientific observations in different parts of the world. In 1811 he began to practise in London, but continued his scientific investiga- tions. His "Elements of Physics, or Natural Philosophy, General and Medical, explained in plain or non-technical Language " (1827), con- tained the substance of lectures previously de- livered, and was a successful attempt to illus- trate scientific principles in the language of common life. It was translated into different languages, and passed through five editions in England within six years. In 1835 Dr. Arnott was appointed one of the senators of the uni- versity of London, in 1837 one of the physi- cians extraordinary to the queen, and in 1838 a fellow of the royal society. He published at the same time his "Essay on Warming and Ventilating." He has invented numerous con- trivances for health and comfort, such as the stove and ventilator to which his name is given, and the water-bed or floating mattress, which has often been used with the happiest results. In 1854 he received from the royal society their Rumford medal ; and in 1855 the jurors of the universal exhibition at Paris awarded him a gold medal, to which the emperor added the cross of the legion of honor. ARNOULD, Sophie, a French actress, born in Paris, Feb. 14, 1744, died in 1803. Her father, an innkeeper, gave her a good education, in addition to which she possessed a charming face and figure, a voice of great flexibility and compass, and an unusual share of wit. Some ladies attached to the court of Louis XV., hav- ing heard her sing at evening service during Passion week, induced the royal chapel master to employ her in the choir. Here she was not long in attracting the attention of Madame de AROLSEN Pompadour. Her dfibut upon the stage at the age of 13 soon followed, and for 21 years, be- tween 1757 and 1778, she was the reigning favorite at the French opera. Her beauty, vi- vacity, and generosity attracted such men as Di- derot, D'Alembert, Helvetius, Mably, Duclos, and Rousseau, who sought her society. She was as witty as she was licentious, and the most eminent poets celebrated her charms in verse. Her bow mots, of which many have been col- lected, are brilliant and pointed. At the com- mencement of the revolution she retired to a country house at Luzarches, which had for- merly been a parsonage, and over the door of which she inscribed the words, Ite, mma at, where she seems to have passed the rest of her days. One of her natural sons, a colonel of cuirassiers, was killed at the battle of Wagram. ARNSBERG, a town of Prussia, capital of a district of the same name in the province of Westphalia, situated on a hill partly surrounded by the Ruhr, 44 m. S. S. E. of Munster ; pop. in 1871, 4,734. The new portion of the town dates from the early part of this century. In the vicinity are the ruins of an old castle where the famous Vehmic court used to be held. The once important county of Arnsberg came in 1368 into the possession of the electorate of Cologne, and the town was subsequently for some time capital of the duchy of Westphalia, of which Arnsberg is the most populous and prosperous district. ARNSTADT, a town of Germany, in the prin- cipality of Scbwarzburg-Sondershausen, situ- ated on the Gera and on the northern slope of the Thuringian Forest, 10 m. S. of Erfurt; pop. in 1871, 8,603. Among the most notable build- ings is a church built in the llth century. The town has a castle belonging to the reigning family, and a gymnasium with a considerable library. Arnstadt is one of the oldest towns of Thuringia, being mentioned as early as 704. It was formerly known as an emporium for the trade in timber and fruit, and has in mod- ern times become a seat of manufactures. ARNSWALDE, a town of Prussia, in the prov- ince of Brandenburg, 41 m. S. E. of Stettin, between three lakes; pop. in 1871, 6,522. The town has a church celebrated for its bells, a large chemical manufactory, and extensive man- ufactures of linen and woollens. AROLAS, Joan, a Spanish poet, born in Barce- lona, June 20, 1805, died in Valencia in Novem- ber, 1849. He was a member of the order of the Piarists, and chaplain in the normal school of Valencia, and became insane five years be- fore his death in consequence of religious exal- tation. His poetical works include Libro de amores, poesias pastoriles, cartas amatorias (3 vols., Valencia, 1843) ; Poesias caballerescas y orientates (new edition, 1850) ; and translations of Chateaubriand's poems and Noise. A com- plete edition of his poems was published in Valencia in 1860, in three volumes. AROI.SKV, a town of Germany, capital of the principality of Waldeck (which according to the