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764 ARRAS Boyd in 1467, but in 1503 passing by royal de- cree from his son, who had displeased the king, to the house of Hamilton, the successive heads of which bore this as their chief title till the higher rank of marquis and afterward of duke of Hamilton was conferred upon them. James Hamilton, second earl of his name, died Jan. 22, 1575. He was appointed regent of Scotland upon the death of James V. in 1542, and guardian of Mary Stuart, to whom he en- deavored to marry his son. Finding this im- possible on account of the intrigues of Henry VIII. of England and the earl of Lennox, who also wished by this marriage to obtain the Scottish crown for their own children, Arran finally consented to her union with the dauphin of France, afterward Francis II. For his aid in promoting this alliance, the French king made him duke of Chatelherault, in Poiton, and this French title is still borne by the dukes of Hamilton. James, son of the preceding, con- ceived a violent passion for Mary Stuart, and when his father failed to obtain for him her hand, he became insane from disappointment, and from the knowledge of her personal in- difference to him. While in this state he was prevailed upon to enter into a plot against her throne ; but becoming conscious during a lucid interval of the iniquity of the plan, he confessed his share in it. On account of his evident in- sanity he was only kept in a mild imprison- ment ; but he took no further part in political affairs. The titles and estates of Arran passed to his brother John, who was created marquis of Hamilton in 1599. (See HAMILTON.) There is also an Irish earldom of Arran, conferred on Sir Arthur Gore in 1758 (earl of the Arran Islands) ; but none of its incumbents have be- come prominent in history. ARRAS (anc. Nemetocenna or Nemetacum, capital of the Atrebates), a city of France, capital of the department of Pas-de-Calais, and formerly of the province of Artois, on the river Scarpe, 100 m. N. by E. of Paris; pop. in 1866, 25,749. It was fortified by Vauban, and has manufactures of thread, lace, and woollens, with an important trade in grain. The woollen manufactures have been famous from very re- mote times, and the tapestries of Arras during the middle ages were so celebrated that the name of the town was generally given to this species of hangings. Arras has been the see of a bishop since 390. It was the seat of ec- clesiastical councils in 1025 and 1490. When Louis XI. seized Artois on the death of Charles the Bold of Burgundy in 1477, Arras resisted, whereupon the king assaulted the town in per- son, drove out the inhabitants, replaced them by people drawn from all parts of France, and changed the name of Arras to Franchise. Ro- bespierre was both a native and a representa- tive of Arras. ARRAWAKS, or Lokono, a tribe on the Berbice and Surinam rivers, Guiana, noted for their mild and peaceful disposition and friendship for Europeans. They were, however, formerly a ARREST large, powerful, and warlike tribe, extending from the right bank of the Orinoco to the Suri- nam, and held all the Carib tribes in subjec- tion, driving some to the Antilles. The French found them so powerful that they used them as a protection against other tribes. The Mora- vian missionaries in the 18th century did much to civilize them, and studied their language, printing in it various books for their converts. The fullest material for the study of their speech, which is regarded as one of the softest in America, is in the manuscripts of these mis- sionaries preserved by the American philosoph- ical society (Philadelphia). They were divided into families, apparently on the same principle as the Iroquois, but in greater number, as no fewer than 50 are enumerated. Descent was in the female line. ARREST, the taking a person or thing by authority of the law and into its custody. I. In civil cases, arrest is the apprehension of a person by lawful authority for the purpose of compelling him to answer in a civil action. The present tone of the English law on the subject was probably first given by a statute of George I. (1726). That act, "to prevent frivolous and vexations arrests," provided that no person should be held to special bail on any process issuing out of any of the superior courts, unless the cause of action were of the amount of 10, and on process of any inferior court unless it were of the amount of 40 shil- lings. These amounts were raised from time to time, and by 7 and 8 George IV., ch. 71, no person could be held to special bail, on process issuing out of any court, when the amount in- volved was less than 20. The 1 and 2 Vic- toria, ch. 100, abolished arrest on mesne pro- cess, but provided that if a plaintiff, who could before that act have had the defendant ar- rested, should show that he had a cause of action, or had sustained damages to the amount of 20, and that there was reasonable cause for believing that the defendant was about to quit England unless he were apprehended, a court might issue its warrant for the arrest of the defendant and hold him to bail in the amount of the debt or damage. This act and several others were displaced by the present act, 32 and 33 Victoria, ch. 62, which pro- vides again that no person shall be arrested on mesne process in any action, and contains a similar provision to that just quoted from the former act of Victoria, but requiring further that the plaintiff shall show, except in suits for penalties, that the threatened absence of the defendant from the country will materially prejudice him in the prosecution of his action. But the cause of action must now be of the amount of at least 50. In some of the United States arrest in civil causes still remains, but in New York and in many others it is allowed only in such cases as the following, or in cases of similar character, namely : in actions not arising out of contract, when the defendant is not a resident of the state or is about to leave