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308 BARDAS BAREFOOTED FRIARS lishment of the New York medical society in 1788, he was elected its first president. He left an essay on malignant pleurisy, and seve- ral papers on the yellow fever. II. Samuel, an American physician, son of the preceding, born in Philadelphia, April 1, 1742, died May 24, 1821. He studied at King's (now Columbia) college, New York, and at the medical school of Edinburgh. On his way to Edinburgh he was captured hy a French vessel, and was re- leased by the influence of Dr. Franklin, who was then residing in London. After taking his degree he travelled through Scotland and parts of England, studying minerals, plants, animals, arts, and manufactures. Returning to America in 1767, he entered at once upon the practice of his profession in New York, in partnership with his father. He effected the organization of a medical school, which was united to King's college, and in which he was appointed professor of the practice of physic, and subsequently became dean of the faculty. After the revolutionary war he was for a time Washington's family physician, the general government being then in New York. Through his influence a public hospital was opened in New York in 1791, and he was appointed its visiting physician. He retired in 1798 to his country seat in New Jersey, and devoted him- self to agricultural pursuits. In 1813 he was appointed president of the college of physicians and surgeons in New York. He left several tracts on medical subjects. BAKDAS, a patrician of Constantinople, bro- ther of Theodora, the wife of the emperor The- ophilus, and uncle to the emperor Michael III., killed April 21, 866. On the death of Theophi- lus (842) he was appointed tutor to the young prince Michael, in conjunction with Theoctis- tus and Manuel. He did much to revive sci- ence, but caused Theoctistus to be slain and Manuel to be banished, threw his sister the em- press into prison, exiled the patriarch Ignatius, and assumed the title of Caesar (856). His cruel- ty and arrogance raised a bitter opposition, and Michael at last consented to his assassination by Basil the Macedonian, afterward emperor. BARDESANES, or Bar-Deisan, a Gnostic, who flourished at Edessa, Syria, in the latter half of the 2d century, and founded a sect des- ignated as Bardesanists. The common opin- ion is that Bardesanes was a disciple of Val- entine, but Neander thinks that both Marcion and Bardesanes drew from the same fountain as Valentine, the Syrian Gnosticism. From the fact that Bardesanes wrote afterward against the Gnostics, and then, still later, showed himself a Gnostic again, he has been accused of being fickle ; and Eusebius says of him that, although he refuted at one time most of the opinions of Valentine, "he did not en- tirely wipe away the filth of his old heresy." Neander thinks there is no evidence that Bar- desanes was other than a Gnostic in the whole of his career as a theologian. He believed the devil to be self-existent and independent ; that Christ was born of a woman, but brought his body from heaven ; and he denied the resur- rection of the human body. BARDILI, Christoph Gottfried, a German meta- physical writer, born at Blaubeuren, in Wurtem- berg, May 28, 1761, died in Stuttgart in 1808. He is principally known by his work on the elements of logic, published in 1800, and di- rected against the philosophy of Kant. Ho was a very abstruse and obscure writer, but his system contains the germ of the later philos- ophy of absolute identity. i;U:ii!V Jean, a French historical painter, born at Montbard, Oct. 31, 1732, died at Or- leans, Oct. 6, 1809. He studied painting in Rome, and under Lagrenee and Pierre in Paris. In 1764 he gained the prize for his picture of "Tullia drivingover the Body of her Father." lie afterward became a member of the insti- tute and director of the school of fine arts at Orleans. His chef-d'auvre, " Christ disputing with the Doctors," procured him admission to the academy in 1795. Among his pupils were David and Regnault. BARDINGS, horse armor of the middle ages. See AEMOR, vol. i., p. 734. BARDSTOWN, or Bairdstown, a post town and the capital of Nelson county, Ky., situated on an elevated plain near the Beech fork of Salt river, 40 m. by rail S. E. of Louisville, on a branch of the Louisville and Nashville rail- road ; pop. in 1870, 1,835. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic theological seminary, and preparatory seminary. It contains several churches, and has factories of cotton, wool- len, and other fabrics. BAREBONE, Praise God, an English fanatic in the time of Cromwell. He was a leather dealer in London, and a conspicuous member of the short parliament called together hy Cromwell in 1653, which was on that account nicknamed Barebone's parliament. When Gen. Monk came to London, Barebone marched at the head of a large procession of the people and presented to parliament a remonstrance against the restora- tion of the king. In 1661 he was arrested and thrown into the Tower on a charge of being concerned in a plot against the government. He was afterward released, but his further history is unknown. It is said that two of his brothers assumed the names respectively of " Christ came into the World to save Bare- bone," and "If Christ had not Died Thou hadst been Damned Barebone." BAREFOOTED FRIARS AND M S. religions orders in the Roman Catholic church, which discard the use of coverings for the feet, either at all times or at special seasons. Thus the nuns of our Dear Lady of Calvary go unshod from May 1 to Sept. 14. Some wear sandals of wood, leather, or platted rope, fastened to the feet by thongs. About 25 different orders of barefooted friars and nuns are enumerated, the most prominent of which are : The bare- footed monks of St. Augustine, who spread over France and the Indies; the barefooted