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566 BERLIN ty, in the Linden, associated with the most dis- tinguished philosophers, divines, scholars, and savants of Germany, holds a commanding in- fluence. The number of professors and teach- ers in 1870 was 175. The attendance of stu- dents was 3,714 during the winter term of 1869-'70, and 3,316 during the summer term of 1870. It contains museums of natural his- tory and of anatomy, remarkable zoological and mineralogical collections, and a library of nearly 180,000 volumes. The botanical gar- den of the university is outside of the city, and includes extensive conservatories and palm houses. The zoological gardens, resem- bling those of Regent's park, London, contain a fine menagerie, and the new aquarium is the largest and most celebrated in continental Eu- rope. In 1870 there were 10 gymnasia, 54 Realsehulen or high schools, 99 middle and elementary schools, 35 schools under the direc- tion of societies, churches, and corporations, 11 schools attended by both boys and girls, and 2 Hebrew schools; altogether 115 public and 96 private institutions, besides 13 private Kinder- garten and 19 established on the principle of association, and employing 59 female teach- ers. Besides the Gewerbsckule, or school for trades, there are institutions established by the city for higher culture (Fortbildungsctnittalten). There are 10 libraries for the people, with an aggregate of 60,000 volumes, and many turners' associations, which chiefly promote physical and incidentally also mental development. Among the Jews of Berlin, 56 out of 100 boys and 66 out of 100 girls receive a superior edu- cation ; while among the Christian denomina- tions the proportion is respectively 20 and 16 per cent. The Jews of Berlin are among the richest and most cultivated of Germany, and many of them stand high in finance, commerce, politics, literature, and journalism. The royal The Koyal Library. library contains about 700,000 volumes, besides over 15,000 MSS. ; and there are extensive col- lections of books in the academy of sciences and in almost all the other institutions The annual number of books published is about 1,500, or over one third of the total publica- tions of Prussia ; and the number of .journals ia 1871 was 175. The principal savings bank has a capital of 2,560,000 thalers and 75,000 depositors. There are 31 industrial mutual aid associations after the system of Seliulze-l>e- litzsch, and the number of mechanics' and manufacturers' unions is nearly 100, with about 80,000 members, and with annual contributions of over 300,000 thalers, about 15 per cent, by the employers, and the rest by the men. Berlin is rich in associations which contribute not only to the material but also to the mental and moral improvement of the laboring classes. But over 100,000 of the poorer people are crowded together in about 15,000 houses, and over 60,000 live in cellars. Houses five stories and more in height have increased since 1864 in the proportion of 43 per cent., the four-story houses 11 per cent., the two and three-story houses 4| per cent., and the one-story houses 8 4>er cent. Half of the total number of houses contain only one room which can be heated, and nearly 2,300 houses cannot be warmed at all. This state of things is creating much discontent among the working classes. The increase of illegitimate children amounted to nearly 15 per cent, of the annual births. In 1872 the proportion of unmarried men over 23 was 3,702 in 10,000, and of unmarried women over 16, 3,542 in 10,000. Legislative measures have been lately proposed for improving the police, there being at present only about 1,100 policemen, and at night only watchmen, who have too much private service to do to attend to the security of the streets. The number of arrests in 1869 was over 27,000, including 4,000 dissolute women and 1,500 drunkards; 7,000 of them remained in jail, and 20,000 were discharged. About 4,000 thefts were com- mitted in that year, or nearly 11 daily. The records of the morgue for 1869 included 209 men, 67 women, and 104 .children (16 still- born). About 2,000,000 thalers are annually disbursed in charity, one half of it by public institutions, and the rest by private agencies. Over 8,000 adults and 4,000 children received alms to the extent of 400,000 thalers in 1870, and the capital invested in the municipal in- stitutions for charitable purposes amounts to 1,500,000 thalers. In 1870, 44,000 thalers were spent by the city in affording relief to 43,000 indigent patients in their homes, and 168,000 thalers to 14,000 in the hospitals. Nearly 400,000 thalers are spent for the cultivation of potatoes for the poor, for soup houses, and for other benevolent purposes; 130,000 thalers for orphans, deaf-mutes, and the blind, $c. ; and 73,000 thalers for the workhouse, which accommodates 2,500 delinquents and 1,500 vagrants. The medical officers employed in the municipal sanitary institutions include 700 physicians, 60 surgeons, 58 dentists, 75 vete- rinary doctors, 50 druggists, and 200 midwives. Besides a trades union for sick mechanics, there are nine sanitary unions, affording relief in consideration of small fees by the members.