Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/116

110 BOSA BOSCOVICH fantastic subjects. Among his masterpieces are the "Temptation of St. Anthony," the "Flight into Egypt," the "Fall of the Angels," the " Adoration of the Kings," and the " Triumph of Death," mostly preserved in the art galleries of Spain, where Bos is believed to have spent a part of his life. His gloomy and wildly grotesque pictures and engravings were espe- cially pleasing to Philip II. BOSA, a town of the island of Sardinia, in the province of Oagliari, situated at the mouth of the river Termo ; pop. 6,300. It is the seat of a Catholic bishop, has a college, and a consider- able coral fishery. BOSBOOM, Johannes, a Dutch painter, born at the Hague, Feb. 18, 1817. He studied under P. J. van Br6e, and his best works are city views and church interiors, including "The Tomb of Engelbert II. of Nassau, in the church at Breda; " "The Great Church of Amster- dam," in the royal gallery at Munich ; " Fran- ciscan Monks chanting a Te Denm ; " " The Holy Communion in a Protestant Church ; " and " The Hall of the Consistory at Nimeguen." The last three pictures obtained a medal at the Paris exposition of 1855 ; and his " View in the Church of Alkmaar " and " Rotterdam Cathe- dral " appeared in that of 1867. BOSC, Louis Angnstln Gnlllanme, a French natu- ralist, born in Paris, Jan. 29, 1759, died there, July 10, 1828. He held public offices until the reign of terror, when he sought refuge in the forest of Fontainebleau. He visited the United States in 1796-'8, and contributed much to- ward diffusing in France a better knowledge of American natural history. He was for some time chief director of prisons, went on missions to Italy and to the wine districts of France, edited an agricultural cyclopedia, wrote exten- sively for various publications on natural his- tory, with all branches of which he was singu- larly conversant, and became professor at the zoological garden of Versailles, afterward of Paris, and member of the academy. He ac- quired additional celebrity by his devotion to his former official chief Roland, and to Mme. Roland, whose memoirs he saved from destruc- tion. After having been the tutor of Mile. Roland, he became her guardian at the request of her parents, adopted her as his daughter, and recovered for her the confiscated property of her family. His chief works are: Histoire naturelle des coquillet (5 vols., 2d ed., Paris, 1824) ; Histoire des ten et des Crustacea (2 vols., 2d ed., 1829) ; and his elaborate and renowned descriptions of the French wine districts. BOSCAN (BosoAN ALMOOAVEB), Juan, a Span- ish poet, born in Barcelona before 1500, died in Perpignan about 1543. A patrician by birth, he was received at the court of Charles V. in Granada, served in the army, superintended for some time the education of the famous duke of Alva, travelled extensively, was converted to Italian forms of versification by Andrea Nava- gero, ambassador of Venice in Spain, and be- came the founder of a new Spanish school of poetry, which has prevailed ever since. He wrote Leandro (1540), a long tale in blank verse after the model of Bernardo Tasso, on the basis of the " Hero and Leander " of Musseus. In the same year he translated Cas- tiglione's " Courtier," which acquired celebri- ty as the most classical Spanish prose work of those days. His complete works were pub- lished, by his widow in 1543, and consist of four books, the first containing poems of the old Castilian school, the second and third his poe- try after Petrarch and other Italian models, and the fourth, " The Allegory," being the most original and celebrated of all. Among his works are poetical epistles after the manner of Horace, pastorals, and eclogues. BOSCAWEN, Edward, a British admiral, third son of Hugh Boscawen, the first Lord Fal- mouth, born in Cornwall, Aug. 19, 1711, died near Guilford, Jan. 10, 1761. His mother was the daughter of a sister of Marlborough. Enter- ing the navy at an early age, he was promoted to the rank of captain in 1737. In 1744 he captured a French frigate in the channel. He commanded all the land and naval forces sent to the East Indies in 1748, and the squadron employed against the French off Newfoundland and at Louisburg in 1758. The next year he gained a decisive victory over the French off Lagos, capturing three vessels and destroying two others. On his return to Spithead with his prizes and 2,000 prisoners, he received the freedom of the city of Edinburgh, and was made governor of the marine forces, with a salary of 3,000 a year, after having previously occupied the highest positions in the navy and the admiralty ; and he also served for many years in parliament. Admiral Boscawen, one of the bravest of seamen, was styled by Horace Walpole the most obstinate of an obstinate family. Lord Chatham said : " When I apply to other officers respecting any expedition I may chance to project, they always raise diffi- culties; Boscawen always finds expedients." BOSCH, Hieronymns de, a Dutch philologist and Latin poet, born in Amsterdam, March 23, 1740, died in Leyden, June 1, 1811. His Poemata (Leyden, 1803) are among the best Latin poems of modern times. His great work is the Anthologia Graca (4 vols., Utrecht, 1795-1810; 5th volume by Van Lennep, 1822). He was one of the founders of the Dutch in- stitute for science and art, and curator of the Leyden university. BOSCOVICH, Ruggiero Giuseppe, an Italian nat- ural philosopher, born at Ragusa, May 18, 1711, died in Milan, Feb. 12, 1787. He was a member of the society-of Jesus, a distinguished mathematician and astronomer, and the ori- ginator of a system of natural philosophy which regards the senses as immediately cognizant, not of matter itself, but only of the attractive and repelling forces which particles exercise upon each other. His Philosophies Naturalix Theoria (Vienna, 1758) expounded the doctrine of the propagation of pressure through solid