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BOTTGER BOTTLE 143 He was taught the double bass in Milan by Luigi Eossi, according to the method of Andreoli and Dragonetti, and studied composition under sev- eral distinguished masters. When scarcely 23, he was engaged as contrabassist for the Italian opera in Havana, and afterward became di- rector of the company. During the five years of his stay in Havana he paid occasional visits to the United States, where he became famous as a virtuoso, his renown being confirmed by his success on his return to Europe in 1851. In 1853 he visited the United States with M. Jullien, and afterward accompanied Mme. Sontag to Mexico. Subsequently he became director of the orchestra at the Italian opera in Paris, where his opera VAssedio di Fi- reme was performed in 1857. In 1863 he pro- duced at Barcelona Marion Delorme, and in 1871 his Ali Baba was performed in London. In 1872 he directed the Italian opera in Cairo. BOTTGER, Adolf, a German poet, born in Leipsic, May 21, 1815, died there, Nov. 16, 1870. He studied at the university of Leipsic, and his father, the author of a German-Eng- lish dictionary, instructed him in the English and other foreign languages. He translated Byron (1840), Pope (1842), Goldsmith's poems (1843), Milton's poetical works (1846), Os- sian (1847), Shakespeare's "As You Like It," "Midsummer Night's Dream," and "Much Ado about Nothing" (1847), Eacine's Phedre andPonsard's Odyssee (1853), and Longfellow's " Hiawatha " (1856). Among his principal po- ems are Pausanias, Der Fall von Babylon, Ha- bana, and Die Tochter des Kain. One of his most idyllic productions is Goethe's Jugendliebe, a description of some of Goethe's love affairs. A complete edition of his original poetical, dra- matic, and prose works has been published in Leipsic in 8 vols. (1864 et seq.). B6TTGER, Bb'tteher, or Bottiger, Johann Frio- drith, a Saxon alchemist, born at Schleiz, Feb. 4, 1682, died in Dresden, March 13, 1719. His pretended discovery of the philosopher's stone resulted in the invention of Saxon porcelain. After various vicissitudes he gave the elector Augustus an account of his discovery, which is preserved in the archives of Saxony. The elector not availing himself of his suggestions, they were put in application by Count Tschirn- hausen, who established a manufactory at Meissen in 1705, employing Bottger, who suc- ceeded in producing with the reddish brown clay which abounds in the vicinity of Meissen a porcelain of remarkable beauty and solidity. After Tschirnhausen's death Bottger became in 1710 director of a manufactory, but was arrested shortly before his death for havitig otfered to sell the secret of his art. Engelhardt wrote his biography (Leipsic, 1837). BOTTIELLI, Sandro, an Italian painter, born in Florence in 1437, died there in 1515. One of his earliest frescoes, " St. Augustine in Ec- stasy," is in one of the churches of Florence. He decorated for Sixtus IV. a chapel in the Vatican, and painted numerous figures of the 113 VOL. m. 10 popes and three large frescoes. Among his masterpieces are "The Birth of Christ," now in a private collection in London, and a crowned Madonna in the gallery -at Florence. He en- graved the first 19 prints for the famous edi- tion of Dante's Inferno printed at Florence in 1481. His devotion to Savonarola subjected him_to much persecution. B6TTIGER. I. Karl August, a German archae- ologist, born at Eeichenbach, June 8, 1760, died in Dresden, Nov. 17, 1835. He was a teacher, and through Herder's influence became director of the Weimar gymnasium, and was well ac- quainted with Wieland, Goethe, and Schiller. In 1832 he was admitted to the French acade- my, after having been made director of the royal academy of knights in Dresden. Among his chief works are: Sabina, oder Morgenscenen einer reichen Romerinn (2 vols., 2d ed., 1806), and Grieehisehe Vasengemalde (1797-1800). II. Karl Wllhflm, son and biographer of the preceding, born Aug. 15, 1790, died Nov. 26, 1862. He became eminent as a historian, and edited a posthumous work of his father, Litc- rarische Zustande und Zeitgenossen (2 vols., Leipsic, 1838). He contributed the history of Saxony to Heeren and Ukert's Europaische Staatengeschichte, and his Allgemeine Geschich- te fur Schule und Ham and Deutsche Geschich- te fur Schule und Ham passed through many editions. From 1821 till his death he was pro- fessor of history in Erlangen. B&TTIGER, Karl Vilhelm, a Swedish poet of German descent, born at Westeras, May 15, 1807. After extensive studies and travels, he became in 1845 professor of modern literature at Upsal. He has translated Tasso's Gerusa- lemme and Dante's Dimna Commedia into Swedish, and written the biography of his father-in-law Tegner, besides many religious and other poems, most of which are contained in his Samlade Skrifter (3 vols., Stockholm, 1856-'8). A selection of the latter has been translated into German. BOTTLE, a hollow vessel, now generally made of glass or earthen ware, with a narrow neck. In ancient times, especially among the nomadic races, bottles were made of the skins of ani- mals. Such are mentioned by Homer as being in use by the Greeks, Eomans, and Egyptians. Herodotus describes the manner in which they were made by the Egyptians. The first distinct FIG 1. Skin Bottles. notice of them in the Bible is in the book of Joshua, where it is said the inhabitants of Gibeon "took old sacks upon their asses, and wine bottles, old and rent, and bound up." According to Chardin, the Persians preserve