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154 BOULTEK BOUKBAKI chiefly owing to the influx of English residents ; and the town looks now more English than French. There are two British chapels and many English boarding schools. Le Sage and the English poets Churchill and Campbell died in Boulogne, and Sainte-Beuve was born here. Under the Romans the place was the port most frequented by travellers crossing to Britain. During the middle ages it was pos- sessed by various princely houses, until it fell to that of Burgundy. In 1477 it was united to the French crown by Louis XI. In 1544 it was taken by Henry VIII. of England, but restored to France in 1550 on payment of 2,000,000 francs. It has been at various times the starting point of naval expeditions against England, and it was the centre of the great ar- mament prepared by Napoleon for the invasion of that country. II. Bonlogne-SDr-Seine, a village of France, in the department of the Seine and arrondissement of St. Denis, on the right bank of the Seine, opposite St. Cloud, about 1 m. "W. of the S. W. extremity of Paris; pop. in 1866, 17,343. It is famous for its bleacheries. Between Boulogne and the Porte Maillot of Paris is the Bois de Boulogne, originally a royal hunting ground. In the 13th century it contained the monastery of Longchamps, and subsequently was a celebrated forest till 1852, when it was converted into one of the finest pleasure grounds of Europe, covering nearly 2,500 acres. Among the most renowned features of the park were the deer park ; the rond des cascades ; the lakes ; the Imtte Jforte- mart, an artificial mound ; the mare d'Auteuil, a natural pond; the immense artificial rock- work called cascade de Longchamps, with the race course; the pre Catalan, with its con- certs ; the villa Haussmann, on the site of the old abbey of Longchamps ; the zoological gar- den of acclimation ; and the restaurant chateau de Madrid, called after the famous palace de- molished under Louis XVIII. During the Franco-German war the trees were cut down by order of the military authorities of Paris, and the pleasure grounds otherwise devastated. BOULTER, Hugh, an English prelate, born in or near London, Jan. 4, 1671, died in London in September, 1742. After leaving Oxford he was successively chaplain to the archbishop of Canterbury, rector of St. Olave's, Southwark, archdeacon of Surrey, chaplain to George I., and tutor to Frederick, prince of Wales. In 1719 he became bishop of Bristol and dean of Christ church, Oxford, and in 1724 archbishop of Armagh and primate of all Ireland. He ex- pended 30,000 in augmenting the incomes of the poorer clergy, erected and endowed hos- pitals at Armagh and Drogheda for clergymen's widows, contributed to the establishment of charter schools, and during the famine of 1740 provided at his own expense two meals a day for 2,500 persons. For 19 years he filled the office of lord justice of Ireland. His " Letters to several Ministers of State in England rela- tive to Transactions in Ireland from 1724 to 1738 " (2 vols., Oxford, 1769-'70) are regarded as authority on that period. BOULT01V, Matthew, an English mechanician, born in Birmingham, Sept. 3, 1728, died near there, Aug. 17, 1809. He joined his father in the manufacture of hardware, and one of his first inventions was a new mode of inlaying steel. The death of his father gave him ample means to extend his business, and in 1762 he es- tablished the Soho manufactory near Birming- ham, for which he in 1767 constructed a steam engine, on the original plan of Savery. In 1769 he entered into partnership with James Watt, and the Soho steam engine, gradually improved and simplified, became known all over Europe. It was first applied to coinage in 1783, from 30,000 to 40,000 milled coins being struck off in an hour. Boulton and Watt sent two complete mints to St. Petersburg, and for many years executed the entire copper coinage of England. Mr. Boulton expended 47,000 on the steam engine before Watt had so completely con- structed it that its operation yielded profit. He also patented a method of raising water and other fluids by impulse. BOU MA/A, an Arab chief, born in Algeria about 1820. He was a dervish, who in 1845 roused the population of the Dahra against the French, participating in many conflicts and co- operating with Abd-el-Kader in Morocco. On April 13, 1847, he was compelled to surrender to Saint- Arnaud and sent to Paris. A liberal pension was granted to him, and he was pro- vided with handsome lodgings; but being caught in an attempt to leave Paris in the night of Feb. 23, 1848, he was removed to Ham and detained in the fortress till July, 1849, and in the city till 1852. He was sent to the theatre of war in the East in 1854, and commanded a corps of irregular troops, receiving in 1855 a colonelcy in the army. BOIRBAKI, Charles Denis Santer, a French sol- dier, born in Paris, April 22, 1816. His father, of Greek origin, and an officer in the French army, lost his life in the Greek war of indepen- dence (1827). Bourbaki was educated at St. Cyr, became a sub-lieutenant in 1836, and brig- adier general in 1854. He distinguished him- self in the Crimean war at Alma and Inker- man, and on Sept. 8, 1855, during the storming of the Malakhoff. Subsequently he was on the staff of the governor general of Algeria, and in August, 1857, became general of division. In 1859 he increased his reputation at the battle of Solferino, and afterward held a com- mand in Paris. In May, 1869, he command- ed the second camp at Chalons, and in July became aide-de-camp of Napoleon III. After the outbreak of the Franco-German war, he was appointed in July, 1870, commander-in- chief ad interim of the guard in place of Ba- zaine, under whom he took an active part in the battles near Metz, Aug. 14, 16, and 18, and especially on Aug. 31 in the unavailing attempt to break through the German lines. He suc- ceeded in escaping from Metz in the beginning