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156 BOURBON subsequently engaged in the revolt known as la pragverie, but soon made his peace with the king, a daughter of whom his son, the count of Clermont, afterward married. He died in 1456. JEAN II., son of Charles I., was a faithful servant to Charles VII., but became the controlling mind of the ligue du bien public against Louis XI. By the treaty of Conflans he obtained favorable terms, being successively appointed governor of Languedoc, knight of St. Michael, and grand constable of France. On his death in 1487 the duchy reverted to his eld- est brother, the archbishop of Lyons, who died the following year, when their younger brother, PIEBEE II. of Beaujeu, got possession of it. He married Anne, daughter of Louis XI. On the death of that king, Anne governed under the name of her brother, Charles VIII. Her only child was a daughter, Susanne, who married her cousin, CHAKLES of Montpensier, the last duke, popularly known as the constable de Bourbon. He belonged to a younger branch of the family, and by his marriage with the heiress of the elder became the richest prince in France, and was appointed grand constable by Francis I. Louisa of Savoy, mother of the king, fell in love with him, but he repelled her advances. By her hos- tility he was deprived of his pensions, amount- ing to 76,000 livres; and on his wife's death, as she had left no child, Louisa claimed the Bourbon estates as the nearest of kin, and a lawsuit was brought against him. A judgment being ren- dered in her favor, Bourbon entered into se- cret negotiations with Charles V. and Henry VIII. It was agreed that a kingdom should be created for the constable in S. E. France, and the remainder of the country given up to the other confederates. Francis I. was in- formed of the plot, and Bourbon fled in dis- guise and raised in Germany 6,000 soldiers, with whom he entered the service of the emperor. He contributed greatly to the victory of Pavia, where Francis I. was taken prisoner. However, he was not treated by the emperor with the re- gard which he anticipated ; and being at the head of a body of German mercenaries, who for months had received no pay, he was obliged to lead them against Rome. He was shot (May 6, 1527) while scaling the wall, upon which the soldiers stormed the city, which for two months was given up to pillage and bloodshed. His remains were removed to Gaeta, where a monument was erected to his memory; while the French parliament ordered the threshold of his mansion in Paris to be painted yellow, to signify that he had died bearing arms against his native country. II. ROYAL DYNASTIES OF BODEBON. 1. France. The head of the younger branch of the Bourbons, which gave kings to France, was Jacques, count of La Marche, second son of Louis, first duke of Bourbon. The sixth descendant of Jacques, Antoine de Bourbon, duke of Vendome, married Jeanne d'Albret, the heiress of Navarre, by whom he had a son, Henri, prince of Beam, born in 1553, who succeeded his father in 1562, and in 1589, on the death of Henry III., the last prince of the Valois family, was the heir ap- parent to the crown of France. Henry the B6arnais, as he was called by the Catholics, made his claims good by courage, energy, and perseverance. At last, in 1594, he was ac- knowledged king of France as Henry rV ., and was assassinated in 1610 by Ravaillac. Six of his descendants in the direct line occupied the throne after him: Louis XIII., 1610-1643; Louis XIV., 1643-1715 ; Louis XV., 1715-1774; Louis XVI., 1774-1793 ; Louis XVIII., 1814- 1824 ; and Charles X., 1824-1830. The reign of Louis XIV. lasted 72 years. This prince's sons and grandsons, excepting Philip, who was excluded on account of his accession to the throne of Spain, died before him, and he was succeeded by his great-grandson, then a child. Their two successive reigns covered together nearly a century and a half. The disorders and corruption which prevailed during the lat- ter part of that period prepared the French revolution, to which Louis XVI. fell a victim. For more than 20 years his brothers were ex- iles from France ; they returned to their coun- try under the protection of foreign armies. Hence the comparative unpopularity of Louis XVIII. and Charles X., which caused at last the overthrow of the latter in 1830. The pres- ent head of this elder branch, and pretender to the throne (1873), is the count de Cham- bord, formerly duke de Bordeaux (called by his adherents Henry V.), the posthumous son of the duke de Berry, second son of Charles X., who was assassinated in 1820. The younger branch, known as Bourbon-Orleans, traces its origin to Philip, duke of Orleans, the brother of Louis XIV. It ascended the throne in 1830 in the person of his fourth descendant, who was styled Louis Philippe I., king of the French. Ho reigned 18 years, and lost his crown in the revolution of February, 1848. His surviving sons are the dukes de Nemours, Aumale, Montpensier, and the prince de Join- ville. The present aspirant to the throne as the head of this branch is their nephew the count de Paris, the elder son of the last duke of Orleans, who was accidentally killed in 1842. 2. Spain. On the death of Charles II., the last prince of the Austrian house of Spain, the crown passed under his will to Philip, duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV., who reigned as Philip V., 1700-1746. His successors were Ferdinand VI., 1746-1759; Charles III., 1759- 1788; Charles IV., 1788-1808 ; Ferdinand VII., 1814-1833; and Isabella II., who lost her throne in 1868, and in 1870 renounced her claims in favor of her son Alfonso. 3. Naples. Don Carlos, the second son of Philip V. of Spain, obtained in 1734-'o the crowns of Na- ples and Sicily, which he kept till 1759, when he ascended the throne of Spain as Charles III., transmitting his Italian crowns to his third son, Ferdinand IV., who on his restoration in 1815 styled himself Ferdinand I. of the Two Sicilies. He reigned 66 years, including the period of