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158 BOURDEILLES BOURGEOIS solid learning and eloquence. The most cele- brated of them is the sermon on the Passion. The edition by Pere Bretonnean, in 16 volumes, is generally considered the most complete and valuable. Prominent among more recent edi- tions is that of Didot (3 vols. 8vo, 1840). BOIJRDEILLES. See BRAHMS. BOURDIN, Maurice, an antipope, born in Li- mousin, France, died at Fumone, Papal States, in 1122. He was arch priest of the diocese of Toledo in 1095, afterward bishop of Coim- bra, and in 1110 archbishop of Braga. Pope Paschal II. sent him as legate to Henry V. of Germany, but excommunicated him for hav- ing crowned the emperor without authority, and for other acts of insubordination. After the death of Paschal and the election of Gela- sius II. (1118), the emperor set up Bourdin as an antipope under the name of Gregory VIII., and drove Gelasius from Rome. But the op- position of the clergy rendered his position un- tenable, and after the death of Gelasius (1119) Henry was reconciled with Calixtus II., the legitimate successor to the papal see. The fugitive antipope was brought back ignomin- iously to Rome and imprisoned for the rest of his life in the castle of Fumone. BOURDON, Louis Pierre Marie, a French math- ematician, born at Alencon, July 16, 1799, died in Paris, March 15, 1854. He was professor in the principal colleges of Paris, and finally inspector of studies and a member of the coun- cil of the university. His Elements cfarith- metique and Elements d'algelre have passed through many editions ; and the latter, adapted by Prof. Charles Davies (1834), has been ex- tensively used in the United States. His Tri- gonometric rectiligne et spherique was pub- lished in 1854 as a text book according to the new system of instruction in France. BOURDON, Sebastien, a French painter, born at Montpellier in 1616, died in Paris in 1671. He became acquainted with Claude Lorraine in Rome, where he was denounced as a Calvinist, and obliged to return to Paris. There he was one of the founders of the academy of painting and sculpture. Exiled to Stockholm during the troubles of the Fronde, he was employed by Queen Christina as her principal painter; but when she embraced Roman Catholicism he returned to France. Many of his works, remarkable for a brilliant and easy style, are in French galleries, especially in the Louvre, which possesses his masterpiece, the "Crucifixion of St. Peter." He also excelled as an engraver, his prints in aquafortis exceeding 100. BOURG, or Bonrg-en-Bresse, a town of France, capital of the department of Ain, on the Reys- souse, 20 m. E. S. E. of Macon; pop. in 1866, 13,733. The streets are narrow, but there are fine public buildings. A lyceum was opened in 1856. Outside the walls is the church of Notre Dame de Brou, with celebrated monuments of its founder, Margaret of Austria, of her hus- band, Philibert of Savoy, and of her mother- in-law, Margaret of Bourbon ; it has a sun dial reconstructed by the astronomer Lalande, who was born here. Bourg was important under the Roman empire, and successively belonged to the kings of Burgundy, the emperors of Germany, and the dukes of Saxony, coming into the possession of France in 1601. BOURG, Anne da, a French Protestant martyr, born at Riom in 1521, executed in Paris, Dec. 20, 1559. He took orders, but quitted the church for the bar, became a professor of law, embraced Calvinism, and after remonstrating with Henry II. in behalf of the reformers, was imprisoned in the Bastile and degraded as a heretic by the archbishop of Paris. After the death of Henry II., the elector Palatine ap- plied to Francis II. for his release, proposing to give him a professorship at Heidelberg ; but Minard, one of his judges and the especial friend of the cardinal de Lorraine, being assas- sinated during the trial, the so-called ordon- nance minarde was passed sentencing him to death. He was hanged in the place de la Grfeve, and his body burned. BOURGADE, Francois, a French priest and ori- entalist, born at Ganjou, department of Gers, July 7, 1806, died in 1866. He was ordained in 1832, and in 1838 went as a missionary to Algeria, and thence to Tunis, where he founded a hospital, a college, and schools for girls, and was appointed to serve the chapel and other institutions for females established by Louis Philippe in honor of St. Louis' (Louis IX.), on the spot where that monarch was believed to have died. He published Soirees de Carthage ; La clef du Goran ; Le passage du Coran a V&vangile ; La toison d'or de la langue pheni- cienne, containing many Punic inscriptions; part of a translation of the romance of Antar (1864) ; and a. Lettre a M. E. Renan (1864), in reply to Renan's Vie de Jesus. BOURGELAT, Claude, a French veterinary sur- geon, born in Lyons in 1712, died in 179 ( J. He, began to practise as an advocate, and afterward served in the cavalry, where he became very skilful in the treatment of horses. In 1762 he opened a veterinary school at Lyons, the first in France. He was a member of the Paris and Berlin academies of science. The best of his many works, Traite de la conforma- tion exterieure du cheval, de sa beaute et de ses defauta (Paris, 1776 ; 3d part by Huzard, 1803-'8), passed through many editions, and was translated into several languages. BOURGEOIS, AniiTl. See ANICET-BOUEOEOIS. BOURGEOIS, Dominique Francois a French in- ventor, born in 1698, died in Paris in 1781. He first exhibited his mechanical talent while em- ployed in a locksmith's shop in Paris. Having claimed the invention of the celebrated autom- aton duck of Vaucanson, he was indicted as an impostor and imprisoned over two years. In 1744 he invented a lantern which received the approval of the academy of sciences, and estab- lished a manufactory in which he was ruined by his partners. The academy having in 1766 granted him a prize for the best mode of light-