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160 BOTJKNE BOUEKIT the Prussian headquarters. Joining Louis XVIII. at Ghent, he restored the Bourbon au- thority in many important towns, and saved several provinces from foreign occupation, in consequence of which he was promoted to the command of a division of the royal guard. In 1823 he commanded under the duke of An- gouleme in the Spanish campaign, and at its end was raised to the peerage. In 1829 he became minister of war, and in 1830 commander-in- chief of the expedition to Algeria, during which he was made marshal ; but after the ac- cession of Louis Philippe, to whom he refused allegiance, he was superseded by Gen. Clausel and dismissed the service. He cooperated with the duchess of Berry in her attempt to raise an insurrection in La Vendee, served Dom Miguel in Portugal, and went to Rome in the interest of Don Carlos. The amnesty of 1840 permitted his return to France, but he was mobbed at Marseilles, one of his sons being wounded, and his wife dying three months afterward from the effect of the excitement. His testimony against Marshal Ney was re- garded as having sealed that soldier's doom. BOURNE, Hugh, an English clergyman, the founder of the Primitive Methodists, born at Stoke-upon-Trent, April 3, 1772, died at Bem- ersley, Oct. 11, 1852. In 1807 some of the Wesleyan Methodists were desirous of reviving camp meetings, which the British conference declared "highly improper for England." Mr. Bourne and 20 of his friends, dissenting from this judgment, were expelled from the body, and the new sect, which was called into exist- ence under his leadership, eventually included over 100,000 members, the first society having been founded by him in 1810. In 1844 Mr. Bourne visited the United States, where his preaching excited much attention. BOURNE, Vincent, an English Latin poet, born about 1700, died Dec. 2, 1747. He was a grad- uate of Cambridge and usher at Westminster school, where Cowper was among his pupils. A collection of his Latin versions of old English ballads, with some original poems, was pub- lished under the title of Poemata in 1734, and was followed by several others. In 1808 ap- peared his posthumous " Poetical Works," with his letters (2 vols., London ; new ed., Oxford, 1826). Cowper translated several of Bourne's original Latin poems. BOURRIENNE, Louis Antoine Fanvelet de, private secretary of Napoleon I., born at Sens, July 9, 1769, died in Caen, Feb. 7, 1834. He was the schoolmate of Napoleon at the military insti- tute of Brienne, and subsequently spent some time at Vienna, Leipsic, and Warsaw. After his return to Paris he renewed his intimacy with Napoleon, then a poor and friendless officer; but the decisive turn taken by the revolutionary movement after June 20, 1792, drove him back to Germany. In 1795 he again returned to Paris, and there again met Napo- leon, who however at that time treated him coldly; but toward the end of 1796 he was installed as his private secretary. After the 18th Brumaire Bourrienne received the title of councillor of state, was lodged at the Tuileries, and admitted to the first consul's family circle. In 1802 the army contractor Coulon, whoso partner Bourrienne had secretly become, and for whom he had procured the lucrative busi- ness of supplying the whole cavalry equipment, failed with a deficit of 3,000,000 francs; the chief of the house disappeared, and Bourrienne was banished to Hamburg. lie was afterward appointed to watch in that city over the strict execution of Napoleon's continental system. Accusations of peculation arising against him from the Hamburg senate, from which he had obtained 2,000,000 francs, and from the empe- ror Alexander, whose relative the duke of Mecklenburg he had also mulcted, Napoleon sent a commission to inquire into his conduct, and ordered him to refund 1,000,000 francs to the imperial treasury. Thus, a disgraced and ruined man, he lived at Paris until Napoleon's downfall in 1814, when this amount was re- stored to him by the French provisional gov- ernment, and he was appointed postmaster general, but removed by Louis XVIII., who, however, at the first rumor of Napoleon's re- turn from Elba, made him prefect of the Paris police, a post he held for eight days. As Na- poleon, in his decree dated Lyons, March 13, had exempted him from the general amnesty, he followed Louis XVIII. to Ghent, was thence despatched to Hamburg, and created on his re- turn to Paris state councillor, and subsequently minister of state. His pecuniary embarrass- ments forced him in 1828 to seek a refuge in Belgium, on an estate of the duchess of Bran- cas at Fontaine 1'Eveque, not far from Charle- roy. Here, with the assistance of M. de Ville- marest and others, he prepared Memoirex sur Napoleon, le directoire, le comulat, Pempire et la restauration (10 vols. 8vo, 1829-'31 ; English translation, 4 vols., Edinburgh, 1831). This work, which throws much light upon Napo- leon's career, led to a counter-publication en- titled Bourrienne et se erreurs volontaires et involontaires (2 vols., Paris, 1830). The loss of his fortune, said to have been caused by the revolution of 1830, drove him mad, and the last two years of his life were spent in an asy- lum, where he died from apoplexy. BOIRRIT, Mare Theodore, a Swiss artist and author, born in Geneva about 1739, died near that city about 1815. He early evinced artistic talent, and reproduced the beauties of Alpine scenery in remarkable descriptions and illustra- tions, while gaining a livelihood as a chorister. Victor Amadeus of Sardinia and Louis XVI. became his patrons, and the latter gave him a pension. At the instance of Buft'on, who had presented him to the French monarch, he took up his residence in Paris. After repeated un- successful attempts to ascend Mont Blanc with De Saussure, he succeeded in reaching the sum- mit in 1787. He was remarkable for generosity and courage, once at great risk saving Prince