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BOWEN BOWER BIKD 165 April, between the second and third terms. The regular course of study comprises four years all studies being required, except that for the third term of the junior year Italian and Greek are optional, and for the second term of the senior year Spanish is optional. Exami- nations are held at the end of each term. Be- sides the regular classical course, there is a sci- entific course for undergraduates. The degree of Sc. B. is conferred in this department. There is also a post-graduate course of two years in philosophy and the arts, in which are conferred the degrees of A. M., Sc. D., and Ph. D. Grad- uates who have completed any post-graduate course with honor may he appointed fellows, to reside at college, with all the privileges of the same, one or two years longer without charge. Instruction is given in military sci- ence, and daily exercises in drill are held, by an officer of the army detailed to perform these duties. The annual college expenses for each student are $60 for tuition and $10 for room rent. Ten scholarships, each yielding from $50 to $60 per annum, have been founded by indi- vidual benefactors, and there are several college scholarships. Assistance is furthermore afford- ed to students from a fund of $6,000 given by Mrs. Amos Lawrence of Massachusetts, and one of $2,000 given by Daniel W. Lord of Ken- nebunkport. The college has received no aid through legislative appropriation. The medi- cal school of Maine was united with this col- lege in 1821, and has now a complete anatomical cabinet and chemical apparatus, and a library of 4,000 volumes. The annual course of lec- tures, extending over a term of 16 weeks, be- gins early in January. The number of pro- fessors and instructors in the medical school in 1872 was 13; students, 67. The library of the college, together with those belonging to the societies of the students (exclusive of the med- ical library), contains 30,138 volumes. Ac- cording to the triennial catalogue of 1870, the whole number of aluinni was 1,677, of whom 1,150 survived; whole number of ministers, 316, living 227 ; whole number of doctors, 993, living 834. Parker Cleaveland, one of the earliest eminent mineralogists in America, was connected with the college from 1805 to 1858. Thomas 0. Upham, D. D., held the position of professor of mental philosophy from 1824 to 1867. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry W. Longfellow graduated here in 1825, and among their contemporaries as students in the college were Luther V. Bell, G. B. Oheever, William P. Fessenden, John P. Hale, Franklin Pierce, S. S. Prentiss, and Calvin E. Stowe. Mr. Long- fellow was the professor of modern languages from 1829 to 1835, when he was called to Har- vard. The prevailing religious denomination at Bowdoin college is the Congregationalist. BOWEN, Francis, an American author, born at Charlestown, Mass., Sept. 8, 1811. He grad- uated at Harvard college in 1833, and during four years was instructor there in intellectual philosophy and political economy. In 1843 he succeeded Dr. Palfrey as editor and proprietor of the " North American Review," which he conducted till 1854. He was rejected in 1850 by the board of overseers of Harvard college as professor of history on account of his un- popular views on politics and on the Hunga- rian struggle for independence, but was almost unanimously confirmed in 1853 as Dr. Walker's successor in the Alford professorship of natural religion, moral philosophy, and civil polity. In 1848-'9 he delivered lectures before the Lowell institute on the application of metaphysical and ethical science to the evidences of religion (published in 1849 ; revised and enlarged edi- tion, 1855) ; in 1850, on political economy; in 1852, on the origin and development of the Eng- lish and American constitutions; and subse- quently on English philosophers from Bacon to Sir William Hamilton. He supports Locke and Berkeley, and opposes Kant, Fichte, Cousin, Comte, and John Stuart Mill. Mr. Mill, in the third edition of his "Logic," makes elaborate comments on Mr. Bowen's antagonistic views. Among his works are: an annotated edition of Virgil ; a volume of " Critical Essays on the History and Present Condition of Speculative Philosophy" (1842) ; an abridged edition of Dugald Stewart's " Philosophy of the Human Mind ; " " Documents of the Constitution of England and America, from Magna Charta to the Federal Constitution of 1789 " (1854) ; con- tributions to Sparks's " Library of American Biography ; " " Principles of Political Econo- my applied to the Condition, Resources, and Institutions of the American People" (1856), in which he opposes the theories of Adam Smith, Malthus, and Ricardo, as inapplicable to the United States; and a revised edition of Reeve's translation of De Tocqueville's "Democracy in America" (2 vols. 8vo, 1862). In 1872 he made an extended tour in Europe. BOWER BIKD, the name of two genera of conirostral birds of the starling family, peculiar to Australia. In the genus ptilonorhynchus (Kuhl) the bill is moderate, compressed, arched, and notched at the tip ; the nostrils lateral, deeply sunk, with large opening partly con- cealed by projecting plumes; wings long and pointed, the first three quills graduated, and the fourth and fifth equal and longest; tail short and even ; tarsi much longer than middle toe, robust and scaled ; all four toes long and strong, with sharp claws. Two species are described by Gray, found chiefly in forests bordering the larger rivers of Australia, and in thick brushes of cedar ; when perched on lofty trees they utter loud and harsh notes, somewhat re- sembling those of a domestic cat; they con- gregate in autumn in small flocks on the ground. The satin bower bird (P. holosericeus, Kuhl) is about the size of a jackdaw or small crow; in the adult male the plumage is deep satiny blue black, the primaries velvety black, and the wings and tail of the last color, edged with blue black ; eyes light blue, with red cir- cle around the pupil ; bill bluish horn-colored,