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172 BOYD BOYER elder brother's death in 1595 induced him to return to Scotland. He had previously en- deavored to win the favor of James VI. by dedicating to him a volume of Latin poems, published at Antwerp in 1592. Some other of his Latin poems are to be found in the Delicia Poetarum Scotorum. He was a thorough master of Greek, and translated Caesar's Com- mentaries into that language. Lord Hailes wrote a "Sketch of the Life of Boyd " (1783). BOYD, Zaehary, a Scottish divine, died in Glasgow about 1653. He studied in Scotland and France, became professor at Saumur, and after his return home on account of the perse- cutions of the Protestants, he was pastor of the parish church and thrice rector of the universi- ty of Glasgow. He wrote many works, chiefly polemical, among which is " The Last Battell of the Soule in Death " (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1629; new ed., with his biography by Gabriel Neil, Glasgow, 1831). He also wrote the metrical paraphrase of the Scriptures popularly called "Zachary Boyd's Bible," bequeathed, with many other manuscripts and a large sum of money, to the university of Glasgow, in whose library it remains in MS.. BOYDELL, John, an English engraver and print publisher, born Jan. 19, 1719, died in London in December, 1804. He was edu- cated for the church, but apprenticed him- self in 1740 for seven years to a London en- graver. His first publication was the " Bridge Book," so called because there was a bridge in each of the views which it contained. In 1746 he published by subscription a volume of engrav- ings, wholly executed by himself, containing 152 views in England and Wales. The profits of this volume enabled him to become a regular publisher, and to employ good artists ; and in a few years the engravings of Boydell were largely exported to the continent. He estab- lished the " Shakespeare Gallery " in Pall Mall as an English school of historical painting, and employed Reynolds, Opie, West, Northcote, and other eminent painters, in illustrating Shake- speare's works. From these pictures the best engravers produced the celebrated work (3 feet by 2 in size), in royal elephant folio, en- titled " A Collection of Prints from Pictures painted for the purpose of illustrating the Dra- matical Works of Shakespeare." It appeared in 1803 (having been preceded, in 1792-1801, by Boydell's edition of Shakespeare, printed by Bulmer, 9 vols. folio), and the sum of 350,- 000 had been expended upon it. When he com- menced this project, he had every reason to expect that, as with his previous productions, his foreign customers would take a considerable number of copies. But the war had injured foreign trade, and in 1804 he was compelled to solicit parliament to authorize him to dispose of the original paintings by lottery. He was alderman of London in 1782, sheriff in 1785, and lord mayor in 1790. The plates of Boy- dell's illustrations of Shakespeare were pur- chased in a damaged condition by an Ameri- can, Dr. S. Spoonor, brought to the United States, and retouched, and a new edition was printed from them. BOYER, Abel, an English historian and lexi- cographer, born at Castres, France, June 13, 1664, died at Chelsea, Nov. 16, 1729. He was a Frencli Protestant refugee who settled in London in 1689, and was for some time a teacher. He figures in Pope's "Dunciad," and compiled the "Political State of Great Britain," a monthly publication, continued till 1740, making 60 vols. 8vo. ; "Annals of the Reign of Queen Anne" (11 vols.); "History of William III." (3 vols.); and, besides other works, published a " Life of Sir William Tem- ple" (1714). He also wrote a French-Eng- lish dictionary and grammar, which remained in very general use almost to the present time. BOYER, Alexis, baron, a French surgeon, born at Uzerche, Limousin, in March, 1757, died in Paris, Nov. 25, 1833. He was the son of a poor tailor, went to Paris as assistant to a drover, and acquired his first knowledge of surgery while employed as a barber. In 1795 he became professor of operative medicine, and afterward chief surgeon of Napoleon, who made him a baron with a revenue of 25,000 francs, which he lost after the restoration, though re- maining in the service of Louis XVIIL, Charles X., and Louis Philippe. He succeeded Des- champs in 1825 as chief surgeon of the Charit6, and a member of the institute of France. His best works are, Traite complet d'anatomie (4 vols., Paris, 1797-'9), and Traite des maladies chirurfficales (11 vols., 1814-'26), of which many editions have appeared in France, and translations in Germany. With Corvisart and Roux he edited the Journal de Medecine, Chi- rurgie et Pharmacie (1798-1817). BOYER, Jean Pierre, a mulatto general and president of Hayti, born in Port-au-Prince in February, 1776, died,in Paris, July 9, 1850. He was educated in France, and on his return to Hayti joined the revolted blacks, then strug- gling against the French for their indepen- dence. When the French gave up Fort St. Ni- colas to the English, Boyer fought against the latter, and distinguished himself in the defence of the fort of Biroton, and in other dangerous enterprises. Soon afterward Toussaint 1'Ouver- ture separated from the mulattoes, and Boyer, Potion, and others, retired to France. Boyer was appointed by Bonaparte a captain in the expedition fitted out in 1801, under Gen. Leclerc, and after its disastrous termination left the French service. In 1806 he served under P6- tion as commander of Port-au-Prince, and re- pelled the attacks of Christophe, who held part of the island with the title of emperor. At the death of P6tion in 1818, Boyer was elected president ; and after the death of Chris- tophe in 1820, the empire was united to the re- public. In 1824 Boyer annexed Santo Do- mingo, the Spanish part of the island, thus uniting the whole of Hayti. The country ad- vanced during the earlier years of his adminis-