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178 BRACKEN BRACKENRIDGE years been of the opinion that the brachiopods and polyzoa form a natural anatomical class, defined by Prof. Hyatt as a sac closed at one end by a disk, surrounded by free tentacles, and perforated by a toothless mouth from which hangs the alimentary canal. Some re- cently have been inclined to add the ascidians, and to separate the three from the mollusca, under the name of molluscoida; the ascidians seem to form the connecting link of the mol- luscoids with the bivalve mollusks; the first two agree in having but one aperture to the atrial chamber, and a complicated muscular system intersecting the visceral cavities. Prof. E. S. Morse, in " Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History," 1871, from the study since 1869 of terebratulina and discina, in all stages of growth, finds the following articulate charac- ters, which induce him to remove the brachio- pods from mollusks: the shell is like that of Crustacea in its tubular structure, scale-like appearance, and chemical composition ; in lin- gula there is 42 per cent, of phosphate of lime, and only 6 per cent of carbonate of lime ; the horny bristles or setffl fringing the mouth are remarkably worm-like; they are secreted by anatino. follicles, surrounded by muscular fibres, and freely movable. Gratiolet has compared the circulatory system with that of Crustacea, and Burmeister has shown the resemblance be- tween the respiratory apparatus of lingula and that of certain cirripeds. The oviducts re- semble the similar organs in worms in their trumpet-shaped openings ; the part bearing the cirri, and the mantle covering the arms, are comparable to similar parts in tubicolous worms. From French and German authors we have many proofs of their affinity with the worms in embryological characters. These views were confirmed by Prof. Morse's study of the living lingula on the coast of North Carolina, near Fort Macon. Here he ascer- tained that they make a tube in the sand, like annelids; the peduncle is hollow, distinctly ringed, with longitudinal and circular fibres, very contractile, and remarkably worm-like; they have also red blood, and the sexes are distinct. His conclusions are that they are "true articulates, having certain affinities with the Crustacea, but properly belonging to the worms, coming nearest the tubicolous annelids: they may be better regarded as forming a com- prehensive type, with general articulated fea- tures." Possibly they have affinities with the mollusks, as homologies have been pointed out between the polyzoa and tnnicates or ascidians. BRACKEN, a N. E. county of Kentucky, bor- dering on the Ohio river and drained by the north fork of Licking river ; area, 200 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 11,409, of whom C36 were color- ed. The soil is generally fertile and produc- tive. The chief productions in 1870 were 30,- 229 bushels of wheat, 20,610 of rye, 440,530 of Indian corn, 22,533 of oats, and 4,188,039 Ibs. of tobacco. There were 3,760 horses, 2,087 milch cows, 2,311 other cattle, 3,445 sheep, and 12,719 swine. Capital, Augusta. III! l< k KMtllH.K. I. Hugh Henrj, an Ameri- can judge and author, born near Campbelton, Scotland, in 1748, died at Carlisle, Penn., in 1816. In 1771 he graduated at Princeton col- lege, where he subsequently acted as tutor. Having studied divinity, he became a chaplain in the continental army; but he soon relin- quished the pulpit for the bar, and edited for a time the "United States Magazine" at Phila- delphia. In 1781 he established himself at Pittsburgh, and in 1799 was appointed a judge of the supreme court of the state, which office he held till his death. He participated with Gallatin in the whiskey insurrection, and vin- dicated his course in the " Incidents of the In- surrection in Western Pennsylvania, in 1794," published in 1795. His " Modern Chivalry, or the Adventures of Captain Farrago," a humor- ous and political satire, has been especially pop- ular throughout the West. The first portion was published at Pittsburgh in 1796, and was republished in Philadelphia in 1846, with illus- trations by Darley. The second portion was published 10 years after the first, and both were issued together in 1819. He also wrote many miscellaneous essays and fugitive verses. II. Henry M., an American lawyer, diplomatist, and author, son of the preceding, born in Pitts- burgh, Penn., May 11, 1786, died there, Jan. 18, 1871. At 20 years of age, having been admit- ted to the bar, he commenced practice in Som- erset, Maryland. In 1811 he was appointed deputy attorney general for the territory of Or- leans, afterward the state of Louisiana, and the next year was made district judge. During the war of 1812 he gave the government valuable information, and afterward wrote a history of the war, which was translated into French and Italian. He joined with Mr. Clay in advoca- ting the acknowledgment of the independence of the South American republics. His pamphlet under the name of " An American," addressed to President Monroe, was republished in Eng- land and France, and, being supposed to ex- press the views of the American government, was replied to by the duke of San Carlos, the Spanish minister. He was appointed one of the commissioners to the South American re- publics in 1817, and on his return published his "Voyage to South America," which was said by Humboldt to contain an " extraordinary mass of information." He accompanied Gen. Jackson to Florida in 1821, and in May was ap- pointed judge of the western district, in which office he remained for 10 years. He removed to Pittsburgh in 1832, was elected to congress in 1840, and the year after was named a com- missioner under the treaty with Mexico. His