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212 BRAOUEZEO BKASIDAS with military life at the headquarters of Fran- cois de Lorraine, second duke de Guise, and on various battle fields where he showed prow- ess, he had many opportunities of becoming acquainted with the events of the IGth cen- tury ; and his field of observation was greatly enlarged by extensive travels and by his re- lations with the court and with literary and general society. He was gentleman in ordi- nary to Charles IX., shortly after whose death (1574) he retired from the court, after hav- ing been for a time chamberlain of Henry III., by whom he was less appreciated than by Charles. He was particularly disappointed at the time of the death of his elder brother Andr6 (1582), when Henry made the latter's son-in-law seneschal of P6rigord, instead of investing Brantome with this office, which up to that period had been hereditary in the Bourdeilles family. In his exasperation he proposed to take service against France with Philip II. of Spain ; but he speedily returned home on hearing of the outbreak of civil war, and henceforth lived with his brother's widow and children, preparing works which were published after his death. His writings are pervaded by a cynical and frivolous spirit, but his style is lucid and attractive, and his acute observations throw much light upon the leading persons and events of his day. The first edi- tions of the Memoires de Pierre Bourdeilles, seiyneur de Brantosme, appeared in Leyden (10 vols. 12rno, 1666-'7 and 1699), afterward several times reprinted elsewhere (German translation by Alvensleben, 2 vols., Grimma, 1851). Besides his Memoires, he wrote Viesdes homines illuttres et des grands capitaines fran- cois et etrangers ; the entertaining Dames illus- tres et dames galantes; and Anecdotes touchant lea duels. Collective editions were published at the Hague (15 vols. 12mo, 1740), and Paris (8 vols. 8vo, 1787). A new edition was in- cluded in Petitot's Ma-moires relatives a Vhis- toire de France, with annotations by L. J. N. de Monmerqu6 (1823), after original MSS. in the national library revised by Brant&me him- self. Among the biographers of Brantome, besides Monmerqu6, are M6rimee and Lacour (Paris, 1858 et seq.). Brant6me had three brothers and two sisters, the most eminent of whom, especially as a soldier and diplomatist, was the viscount Andrg de Bourdeilles, privy councillor of the king and seneschal and gov- ernor of Perigord from 1572 till his death in 1582. His life, military writings, and corre- spondence with Charles IX., Catharine de' Medici, and Henry III., fill the 8th volume of Monmerqu6's edition of Brantome's works. BKAOIEZEC, I. E., a French explorer, born at Morlaix, Oct. 29, 1828, died April 3, 1870. Stationed on the W. coast of Africa as a naval commander, he examined in 1858-'9 the Ga- boon, Senegal, and other rivers, and wrote Notes sur les peuplades riveraines du Gabon, de ses affluents et du fleuve Ogo-uevai, and memoirs on various African explorations. He died after his return to France from the effects of the Af- rican climate. lilt VM'.lss T, Jacques Raymoud, a French paint- er, born in Bordeaux, Aug. 30, 1805. In 1825 he gained the second prize at the school of fine arts for a historical landscape illustrating the hunt of Meleager, and subsequently travelled and studied five years in Italy at the expense of the duchess de Berri. For many years he has been a regular contributor to the annual expositions in Paris, and is noted for his animal pieces. He is a member of the academy of tine arts, and has several tunes received a first medal. His chief works comprise "Bulls Fighting," in the museum of Nantes, " Cow attacked by Wolves and defended by a Bull," "Bull Butting against a Tree," and pictures of dogs, sheep, cattle, and wolves, which usu- ally have a background of wooded landscape. BKAS1 DAS, a Spartan leader in the Pelopon- nesian war, died in 422 B. 0. He is first men- tioned in history in connection with the suc- cor of Methone (431 B. 0.), with a handful of men and by his personal bravery, from a pow- erful attack by the Athenians. This exploit gained him the first public honors conferred by the Spartans during the war. In 429 he was sent as one of three counsellors to Cnemus, after his defeat by Phormio. With Cnemus he made an unsuccessful plan to surprise the Piraeus ; the reason of the failure is not satis- factorily explained by the historians. In 427 he served with Alcidas, the Spartan admiral, and in 425 he led the attempt to drive De- mosthenes, the Athenian leader, from Pylos. In 424, while he was preparing for an expedi- tion to Chalcidice, Megara was suddenly attack- ed, and he promptly effected its relief. Shortly afterward, being sent against the Athenians in Thrace, he conducted a rapid and skilful march across the hostile country of Thessaly, assisted Perdiccas the Macedonian against a neighboring enemy, Arrhibaeus, and then marched upon Acanthus, which, as well as Stagira and Argilus, he persuaded to revolt from Athens. Amphipolis, surprised by a quick march, surrendered to him, and before the end of a year Brasidas had either by arms or persuasion gained the accession of nearly every town in that district. At Torone and Lecythus he encountered the chief resistance. In 423, after suppressing revolts in Scione and Mende, he undertook another expedition with Perdiccas against Arrhibffius; it was unsuc- cessful, but Brasidas made a masterly retreat. While this was going on the Athenians recap- tured Mende and held it. In 422 Cleon brought a large Athenian army against Amphipolis, where the Spartans had their chief garrison ; the cities around surrendered, leaving Bra- sidas exposed with his small force to greatly superior numbers. Seeing that the only hope of the city lay in a sally against the besiegers, the Spartan leader marched his men out of the place, and engaged the enemy with such suc- cess as to secure a complete victory. Cleop