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248 BREMEN and casks, called the rose and the twelve apos- tles, filled with fine liock, some of which is a century and a half old ; the Koland statue, 18 ft. high; the guildhall, called the Schutting ; Council Hous. the theatre, the post office, the exchange, and the museum. The statue of Gustavus Adolphus was placed in one of the public squares in 1856. Among the other public buildings are the commercial school, two orphan asylums, the infirmary, the naval academy, the institution for deaf mutes, the normal school, the draw- ing school, the art gallery, the observatory (founded by the astronomer Olbers, a native of the town, to whom a monument was erected in 1850), and the gymnasium. The "Library Association " undertakes to insure that all libraries belonging to the city or to special cor- porations are accessible to the entire popula- tion. There is a merchants' exchange, a bank of issue, a discount bank, several insurance companies, a commercial court, and public in- stitutions for the security and comfort of emi- grants. A Lloyd for northern Germany (der Nord- Deutsche Lloyd), after the plan of the Lloyd Austriaco of Trieste, was founded in 1856. Ship building is carried on to a greater extent than in any other German port. Sugar refineries, iron founderies, lard-boiling, manu- factures of oil, soap, and sail cloth, and cotton spinning, are also carried on. More tobacco is imported here than at all the other German ports, the quantity amounting to about 24,000,- 000 Ibs. a year, and cigars are largely manufac- tured. The improvements in the navigation of the Weser and its -confluents, and the rail- way connections, have placed Bremen in direct communication with the heart of Germany. Its prosperity depends mainly upon its trade with the rest of the empire, and with the United States and Great Britain. The gold thaler, in which accounts are kept, is equivalent to 79 cents, American coin. The estimated revenue in 1871 was 2,281,463 thalers ; expenditures 2,052,775, about one half on account of the public debt, amounting in 1870 to 11,584,513 thalers, of which 4,000,000 were a railway loan, paying 4| per cent, interest. The com- merce in 1870 was: exports, 94,920,000 thalers; imports, 90,950,000 ; of which were with the German Zollverein, exports 41, 980,000, imports 28,370,000 ; the United States, exports 17,520,- 000, imports 29,960,000; Great Britain, ex- ports 4,120,000, imports 12,100,000 ; Hamburg, exports 1,870,000, imports 4,050,000 ; Austria, exports 7,390,000, imports 2,110,000; Russia, exports 6,760,000, imports 1,040,000 ; Holland and Belgium, exports 2,550,000, imports 1,460,- 000 ; France, exports 440,000, imports 540,000; the Antilles, exports 940,000, imports 2,050,- 000 ; the trade with other countries being small. The average annual exports from 1861 to 1870 were 78,610,000 thalers, imports 82,920,- 000 ; the largest amount was in 1869, when the exports were 94,920,000, imports 103,310,000. In 1869 the total trade with transatlantic ports was, exports 20,813,082 thalers, imports 38,- 687,533 ; with European ports and the Levant, 18,516,102 ; by land and river, exports 52,985,- 587, imports 33,816,220. In 1869 there were plying to and from the port of Bremen 274 vessels, of 238,148 tons, and 26 ocean steamers, of 61,725 tons. In 1868 the privilege was conceded to Bremen and Hamburg of remain- ing free ports, exempt from the German cus- toms limits, in consideration of which the state engaged to pay to the Zollverein a tax propor- tioned to its trade. Bremen is the chief German port for emigration, the emigrants going almost entirely to the United States. In 1843 there were 9,844 emigrants; 1844, 19,863; 1845, 31,158; 1846, 32,372; 1847, 33,628; 1848, 29,947; 1849, 28,629; 1850, 25,838; 1851, 37,493; 1852, 58,551; 1853, 58,111; 1854, 76,875; 1855, 31,550; from 1856 to 1860, average 32,450; 1861-'5, average 20,397; in 1866, 61,877; 1867, 73,971; in 1868, 66,433; in 1869, 63,519. The total number of emi- grants from 1830 to 1870 was 1,196,363. Bre- men is connected by railways with the whole interior of Germany, and also with Bremerha- fen, 30 m. distant, which is now its port ; for the Weser having become too shallow for large vessels to ascend, it became necessary to aban- don Vegesack, which had been the port since the 16th century. Bremen has one vote out of 58 in the Bundesrath, or federal council of the empire, and one out of 382 in the Reichs- tag or diet of the empire. Its local govern- ment is composed of a senate of 18 members, of whom at least 10 must be lawyers and 5 merchants; and a Burgerschaft or assembly of the citizens, consisting of 150 members, of whom 16 are chosen by the citizens who have attended the university, 48 by the merchants, 24 by the trades, 30 by the other inhabitants of the city, 6 by Vegesack, 6 by Bremerhafen, and 20 by the rural districts. The assembly is divided into committees, and is presided over by members of the board of aldermen, in whom is vested a portion of the executive power. Two burgomasters, elected by and from the senate, direct the affairs of state, through eight depart- ments : foreign affairs, church and education,