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24 BONALD Bay Islands, is about m. long and from 1 to 3 m. broad, and rises to a height of 1,200 ft. The island was discovered by Columbus in his fourth and last voyage, July 30, 1502. The aborigines had made considerable advances in civilization, and carried on an active trade by means of large boats with the mainland of Honduras and Yucatan, and, it is said, even with Jamaica. The Spaniards and afterward the buccaneers harassed them so much that they abandoned the island in 1642, and took refuge on the mainland. The buccaneers forti- fied the island and held it till 1650, when they were expelled by the Spaniards. In 1742 the English seized Bonacca and the neighboring island of Kuatan, which they fortified and held till it was captured by the Spaniards in 1782. When Central America became independent in 1821 Bonacca and the other islands of the group came under the jurisdiction of Honduras. In 1850 a British naval commander declared them under the sovereignty of Great Britain, and in 1852 the group was constituted by royal proclamation the British "Colony of the Bay Islands." This act, being in contravention of the convention between England and the United States known as the "Clayton and Bulwer treaty," led to an animated controversy between the British and American governments, which was at length settled by restoring the islands to Honduras in 1859. BONALD. I. Lonls Gabriel Ambroise, viscount de, a French political writer, born at Le Mon- na, near Millau-en-Rouergue, Oct. 2, 1754, died there, Nov. 23, 1840. When young he served in the mousquetaires. In 1791 he emigrated, and joined the royalist army on the Rhine. Returning to France under Napoleon, he be- came, with Chateaubriand and FieV6e, editor of the Mercvre, and after the restoration he was a member of the chamber of deputies, always favoring an absolutist and reactionary policy. In 1823 he was made peer by Louis XVIII., nnd as one of the secretaries of state presided over the censorship of the press. At the revolution of 1830 he resigned his seat as a peer, and retired from public life. His literary labors were devoted exclusively to establishing the theory of power in society, its origin and extent ; and he drew his demonstrations from history, philosophy, religion, and the philologi- cal meaning of words. He denied the validity of reason, and recognized absolutely that of authority. But above the highest civil author- ity, that of legitimate kings, he affirmed that of religion, or the church and its hierarchy. His complete works were published in 12 vols., Paris, 1817-'19, the principal being La legis- lation primitive, Theorie du pouvoir politique et religieux, Secherches philosopkigues, and Melanges litteraircs et politiques. II. Lonis Jacques Maurice, a French cardinal, son of the preceding, born at Millau, Oct. 30, 1787, died in Lyons, Feb. 25, 1870. He became arch- deacon of Chartres in 1817, bishop of Le Puy in 1823, and archbishop of Lyons in 1839, and BONAPARTE l)ore for a time the title of primate of the Gauls, which Pius IX. afterward forbade him to re- tain. He was created cardinal in 1841. He hecame conspicuous as a champion of the rights of the church against the civil power, and as an opponent of the liberty of education, for which Lamennais, Lacordaire, Montalem- bert, and the rest of the young Catholic party were then contending. His controversies with Dupin.and Villemain on these subjects were especially vigorous. He was a legitimist in politics, but gave a ready adhesion to the re- public of 1848. Under the empire he held a seat in the senate by virtue of his rank as cardinal. In September, 1852, he was created a commander of the legion of honor. BONAPARTE, or Buonaparte, the name of the family which has given to modern France its imperial dynasty. Its early origin is obscure. The name occurs in Corsica as early as the middle of the 10th century, being that of a messire who figured as witness to a public document. It disappears, however, in that island, not to reappear until the 16th century. In the mediaeval history of Italy a number of Bonapartes are mentioned, but criticism has as yet failed fully to establish or to disprove the pretended connections between their families. We find Bonapartes at Treviso, Florence, Par- ma, Padua, Ascoli, Bologna, San Miniato, and Sarzana, many of them noblemen of note and ability. A Trevigian Bonaparte, Giovanni, who held a command in the army of the Lom- bard league against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, is designated as consul et rector. Those of Florence were originally Ghibellines, but subsequently espoused the popular cause. A Nicol6 Bonaparte served as papal envoy to various courts about the middle of the 15th century. Jacopo Bonaparte, of Tuscany, is the reputed author of a history of the sack of Rome by the army of the constable de Bour- bon (Ragguaglio gtorico di tutto Voccorso, giorno per giorno, nel saceo di Roma del anno 1527), of which a French translation by the ex- king Louis of Holland was published at Flor- ence in 1830. The modern Oorsican Bona- partes seem to be chiefly connected with those of Sarzana. They figure among the patricians of Ajaccio in the 16th and 17th centuries. At the middle of the 18th, three male members of that branch were living, one of whom, Carlo, became the father of the founder of the French imperial dynasty, sketches of all the historical members of which are given in the following notices first of the father and mother of Na- poleon, with their daughters, then of their sons in alphabetical order, each followed by the noteworthy members of his family. BONAPARTE, or Buonaparte. I. Carlo Maria, father of Napoleon I., born in Ajaccio, March 29, 1746, died in Montpellier, Feb. 24, 1785. He studied law in Pisa, and early acquired prominence as an advocate and a follower of Paoli in the Corsican war against Genoa. In his 18th year he fell in love with Maria Le-