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BROTHERS BROUGHAM 331 Georgian in the imperial academy of sciences in St. Petersburg, where he became academician, councillor of state, inspector of primary schools, director of the principal public library, and in 1851 custodian of the collection of oriental coins at the Hermitage palace. He prepared eight volumes (the 13th to the 21st) of the new edition of Lebeau's Histoire du Baa Empire, enriching it with original material from oriental sources, and published many geographical, archaeological, and historical works relating to Georgia and Armenia, the principal being His- toire de la Georgie (2 parts, St. Petersburg, 1849-'57) and Ruines d'Ani, capitale de VArmenie sous leg rois Bagratides anx X* et Xf siedes (2 vols., 1860-'61). His Rapport sur un voyage archeologique dans la Georgie et F Armenia (St. Petersburg, 1849-'51) narrates his expedition to the Caucasus, Georgia, and Armenia, undertaken under the auspices of the Russian government. He also contributed to Tchubinoffs Georgian-Russian-French diction- ary, to the bulletins and memoirs of the St. Petersburg academy, and to the Journal Asia- tique of Paris, and translated from Armenian into French Sriphannos's Histoire de Siounie (St. Petersburg, 1864). BROTHERS, Richard, an English fanatic, born about 1758, died in London, Jan. 25, 1824. He had been a lieutenant in the British navy for several years, and quitted the service in 1789. Declining to take the usual oath to enable him to draw his half pay, he was in 1790-'91 reduced to great straits, being forced for a time to live in the workhouse He styled him- self "nephew of the Almighty and prince of the Hebrews, appointed to lead them to the land of Canaan," and in 1792 sent letters to George III., the ministry, and the speaker of the house of commons, announcing the fulfil- ment of the 7th chapter of Daniel. In 1794 he published a book, in two parts, called " A Revealed Knowledge of the Prophecies and Times." Having prophesied the death of the king and the destruction of the monarchy, and foretold that the crown was to be delivered to him, he was imprisoned for some time in New- gate. His disciples were not confined to the poor and ignorant, but included Halhed, the orientalist; William Sharp, the engraver, who executed his portrait, inscribing under it, " Fully believing this to be the man appointed by God, I engrave his likeness;" and other persons of distinction. Many of his followers sold their goods to be ready to accompany him to the New Jerusalem, which was to be built on both sides of the Jordan, and which he was to reach in 1795. Jerusalem was to become the capital of the world, and when the Jews were fully restored, in 1798, he was to be re- vealed as the prince and ruler of the Jews, and governor of all nations. At last Brothers was committed to Bedlam as a dangerous lunatic. After some delay, application was made to Lord Chancellor Erskine, who granted an order of release on April 14, 1806. Mr. Finlayson, one of his disciples, then removed him to his own house, where he resided during the last years of his life. Mr. Finlayson, who retained his belief in the mission of Brothers, related these facts in 1848. BROllKERE. I. Cbarles Marie Joseph Ghislain de, a Belgian statesman, born at Bruges in 1796, died April 20, 1860. He was educated at the polytechnic school of Paris, entered the Dutch army as sub-lieutenant, but retired in 1820, and was employed in a banking house. In 1825 he was elected deputy to the states general, and at once enlisted in the ranks of the liberals. After the breaking out of the revolution of 1830 he was at the head of the financial department in the provisional gov- ernment, and suggested the nomination of the duke de Nemours to the throne. Nevertheless, on the election of Leopold, he was called to the ministry of the interior, and subsequently the war ministry was forced upon him. On the opening of the university of Brussels he accepted one of the professorships, declining the salary. From 1835 to 1838 he was presi- dent of the Belgian national bank. In 1848 he was again chosen deputy, and soon afterward mayor of Brussels. He had the title of count offered to him by the king in 1857, but de- clined it. He was an opponent of the Catholic party, and of a protective tariff. II. Henri Marie Joseph Ghislain de, brother of the pre- ceding, born at Bruges in 1801. He was attorney general at Roermonde when the revolution of 1830 broke out, in which he took an active part as a volunteer in the army, and as a mem- ber, and afterward as secretary, of the national congress. He was one of the commissioners sent to England in 1831 to offer to Leopold the Belgian crown. His most important act as a legislator was the revision of the criminal code, including the abolition of capital punishment. BROUGHAM, Henry, Baron Brougham and Vaux, lord chancellor of England, born in Edinburgh, Sept. 19, 1779, died in Cannes, France, May 9, 1868. He was descended from an ancient Westmoreland family, and was through his mother the grand-nephew of William Robertson, the historian. He was educated at the high school and university of Edinburgh, where he was distinguished for his devotion to mathematics and physical science. Before he was 20 he wrote several papers which appeared in the "Transactions of the Royal Society." He subsequently travelled on the continent, and was admitted a member of the Edinburgh society of advocates in 1800. He was a member of the "Speculative Club," a debating society which brought him into con- tact with Homer, Jeffrey, and others, after- ward distinguished; and in 1802 he helped to start the "Edinburgh Review," to which he was an assiduous and able contributor for a quarter of a century. In 1803 was published his " Inquiry into the Colonial Policy of the European Powers," which drew much atten- tion. He was called to the bar at Lincoln'*