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362 BRUNSWICK cotton mill, two flour mills, a bleachery, a tan- nery, and many other factories. It is the seat of Bowdoin college, and has 11 churches, 3 national banks, and a weekly and a bi-weekly paper. Much capital is invested in shipping. II. A town, port of entry, and the capital of Glynn co., Ga., situated on a blutf on Turtle river, 70 m. 8. S. W. of Savannah ; pop. in 1870, 2,348. It has a spacious and secure harbor, with 13 ft. of water over the bar at low tide, and a lighthouse on St. Simon's island, 8 m. below. The entrance to St. Simon's sound, through which the Turtle river enters the At- lantic, is about 10 m. W. of the town. For the year ending June 30, 1871, the value of imports from foreign countries was $291,413; exports, $330,116. A weekly newspaper is published here. The town is the terminus of the Macon and Brunswick, and the Brunswick and Albany railroads. BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig). I. A duchy of N. W. Germany, composed of three large portions, separated from each other chiefly by Prussian territory : 1, the principal- ity of Wolfenbuttel, embracing the circles of Brunswick, Wolfenbuttel, and Helmstedt; 2, the district of the Hartz and the Weser, em- bracing the circles of Gandersheim and Holz- ininden ; 3, the principality of Blankenburg, on the lower Hartz. Besides these three large portions, there are five small isolated districts. Its area and population in 1871 were as follows: CIRCLES. Area, square mllefl. Population. 210 90846 '2 Wolfenblittel 295 (in 7:l ( > 8. Helmstedt . ... 303 53706 212 42822 222 41581 6. Blankenburg 188 22,528 Total 1,428 811,715 Of the inhabitants 97'96 per cent, are Protes- tants, 1 -68 Catholics, and 0'36 Jews. The Prot- estants, with the exception of 1,700 Reformed, are Lutherans. The general character of the surface is hilly, and in the mountainous districts the climate is severe and the harvest late. About 33 per cent, of the land is arable ; 27 per cent, consists of meadows, and 32 of woodland. The largest rivers are the Ocker, Leine, and We- ser, the last of which drains the greater part of the duchy and has many affluents. Bruns- wick may be divided into the mining districts, which lie chiefly among the Hartz mountains, and the agricultural regions, which comprise nearly all the rest of the country. Grain, fruit, tobacco, flax, cattle, and horses are raised in the latter, while the former are rich in gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, sulphur, and coal. The mines, in some of which Hanover has a joint interest, are not now so productive as in former times, but are still of high value. Other minerals, such as marble, alabaster, , limestone, gypsum, potter's clay, asbestus, as- j phaltum, jasper, and agate, are found in various i localities. Salt is obtained in abundance. The manufactures are inconsiderable. Spinning is a favorite occupation, and there are several camlet manufactories, dye houses, paper, oil, and saw mills, breweries, iron works, and man- ufactories of lacquered wares and porcelain. The advantages of railway communication with Hanover, Magdeburg, and Nenstadt have given to trade a, magnitude scarcely to be expected from the geographical position of the country. The aggregate length of railways in 1871 was 131 m. The university of Helmstedt was sup- pressed in 1809, but there are 5 gymnasia, a polytechnic school, a theological seminary, 2 normal, 21 Latin, and 369 common schools, and a library at Wolfenbuttel, of considerable re- pute. The form of government is a limited hereditary monarchy, the supreme power being vested in the duke and a legislative body of one chamber, consisting of 46 members, of whom 21 are chosen from the owners of large landed estates and the highest taxpayers, 10 from the towns, 12 from the rural districts, and 3 repre- sentatives of the church. They are elected for six years, one half going out of office every three years. They assemble triennially on convoca- tion by the duke, but in certain cases may meet without his authority. The duchy holds the llth place among the states of the German empire, has two votes in the federal council, and elects one delegate to the Reichstag. To the army of the empire it contributes a regiment of in- fantry, a regiment of hussars, a battery of four pieces of ordnance, and two landwehr battal- ions. The public debt in 1871 was 23,765,768 thalers, including 19,670,700 thalers for rail- ways ; and the budget for the three years 1870- '72 presented an aggregate revenue of 7,196,400 thalers, and the same aggregate amount of ex- penditure. II. A city, capital of the above de- scribed duchy, situated on the Ocker, 32 m. E. S. E. of Hanover, and connected by railways with the other cities of Germany ; pop. in 1871, 57,882. It is said to have been founded in the 9th century, by Bruno, second duke of Sax- ony, was enlarged by Henry the Lion, ranked in the 13th century among the first cities of the Hanseatic league, and, although much less important than in former times, continues to be one of the most active cities of N. W. Ger- many. The annual fairs held here are, after those of Leipsic and the two Frankforts, the most animated in Germany. The pork sausa- ges of Brunswick (Braunschweiger Wurst), and its beer, have acquired great celebrity; the lat- ter is known under the name of Braunschweiger Mumme, after Christian Muinme, who was the first to prepare it in 1492. The trade in this beer extended in former years to India. The book trade is of great importance. Brunswick is the seat of a bank and of several banking estab- lishments. The appearance of the town is an- tiquated, but there are several handsome streets and promenades. The new ducal palace is a magnificent building, with beautiful pleasure grounds. The most interesting monuments of