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BRUTTIUM BRUTUS 369 after the revolution of 1830 the capital of Bel- gium. In the place des Martyrs is a monu- ment erected over the grave of about 300 vic- tims of that revolution. BRl'TTIUJI (in the classics Eruttii, the name of the inhabitants having been used for the country until more modern times; Gr. Bpern'a), an ancient division of southern Italy, comprising almost the whole of the modern provinces of Calabria Oitra and Calabria Ul- tra, occupying the peninsula forming the S. W. extremity of the country, and hounded N. by Lucania, E. and S. by the Sicilian sea, and W. by the Tyrrhenian sea. The Apennines occupy the entire centre of the peninsula and its N. W. portion, and exhibit here some remarkable fea- tures. The principal rivers were the Crathis (now Crati), which flowed northward from its source near Consentia (Cosenza) across the border of Lucania and into the Tarentine gulf near Sybaris ; and the Nerothus (Neto), rising near the source of the Crathis and flowing eastward into the sea about midway between Crimisa and Crotona. The greater part of the surface is rugged and rocky. On the moun- tain sides the vine flourishes, and the land along the coasts has been always cultivated with success from very ancient times ; but the timber of the mountain districts appears to have been almost the only natural product of the country which was of great importance to the ancient inhabitants. The Bruttians, prop- erly so called, did not become masters of the peninsula until about 356 B. C. In the earli- est times it appears to have been inhabited by a Pelasgian race, the (Enotrians, two tribes of which bore the names of Chones and Morgetes. At a very early period, however, Greek colo- nists took possession of the coasts, and within a short time had surrounded the peninsula with a circle of important settlements, of which the chief were Crotona, Scyllacium, Locri, and Rhegium. Two or three of these had also dependencies of considerable wealth and prosperity. The Greeks appear to have completely subjected the native inhabitants, and to have held them almost in a state of slavery until after the Peloponnesian war. Shortly after the termination of this, the Lu- canians began gradual encroachments on the peninsula from the north, and by the begin- ning of the 4th century B. C. they had con- quered the greater part of the interior, chang- ing the masters of the oppressed natives with- out bettering their condition. It was proba- bly this long-continued slavery that led, about 356 B. C., to the uprising of the people prop- erly called the Brnttians. The descriptions of ancient authors do not clearly show from what races these were made up ; but there is little question that a large proportion of them were of the (Enotrian or native stock, and that there were many Lucanians also among them. The name is said to have been given them by the Lucanians, and to have signified rebels or revolted slaves. They rapidly gained inde- pendence and power, took several of the Greek cities, and finally united with the Lucanian armies against the Grecian power. They were successful in maintaining and increasing their strength in the peninsula until they joined with the Samnites and again with the Luca- nians against Rome, in 282 B. C. For several years they continued the war, but were finally subdued by C. Fabricius and L. Papirius, and obliged to give up a valuable portion of their territory, besides becoming subject to the Ro- man power. During the second Punic war they revolted, and rendered most important assistance to Hannibal ; but they were again subdued, and severely punished by the Romans, the chief part of their territory being taken from them, and their people being reduced al- most to slavery. They do not again appear in history as a nation, and their country is treated from this time as a Roman province. (See CALABKIA.) BRUTUS, Deeimus Julias, a Roman soldier, executed in 43 B. C. He served under Csesar in the Gallic war, and in the civil war com- manded the fleet which besieged Massilia. Caesar afterward appointed him to the govern- ment of Further Gaul, and showed him special favors. Nevertheless he joined the conspiracy against Csesar, and on the ides of March con- ducted him to the senate house. After the as- sassination he retired to Cisalpine Gaul, and there maintained himself for some time, stand- ing s siege in Mutina (Modena) against Antony, which early in 43 was raised by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and Octavius. But when Octavius had made common cause and com- bined operations with Antony, Brutus was deserted by his troops, betrayed to Antony, and put to death. BRUTUS, Lucius .lunius. a Roman patriot, lived about 500 B. C. According to the commonly received story, his mother was the sister of Tarquin the Proud, the last king of Rome, and he feigned imbecility to escape the harsh treat- ment which his father and brothers had re- ceived. He accompanied Tarquin's sons on a mission to Delphi, and when the oracle de- clared that the one who first kissed his mother should rule in Rome after Tarquin, he, on landing in Italy, affected to stumble and kissed the ground, the common mother of all. After the rape of Lucretia he threw off the pre- tence of imbecility, plucked the dagger from the dying woman's breast, incited her kinsmen to revenge, and led an insurrection which drove the king from the city and put an end to the monarchy. He and Collatinus, the hus- band of Lucretia, were chosen consuls. His two sons, Titus and Tiberius, taking part in a conspiracy for the restoration of the kings, were tried before him, and he condemned them to be scourged and beheaded, and saw the sentence carried into effect. The adherents of Tarquin came against Rome with a force of Etruscans, and in repelling the attack Brutus was killed by Aruns, son of Tarquin. A publio