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BUCKLE BUCKMINSTER 389 mainder of his life was passed in retirement at Islip, near Oxford. He published several sermons, preached on various occasions, all of them distinguished rather by good sense than by scholastic divinity. II. Franeis Trevelyan, an English naturalist, son of the preceding, born Dec. 17, 1826. He was educated at Christ Church college, Oxford, studied medicine, serv- ed as house surgeon to St. George's hospital, and from 1854 to 1863 as assistant surgeon to the life guards. He has devoted himself to in- vestigations in natural history, especially in the department of fish culture. In 1858 he edited his father's Bridge water treatise on geology and mineralogy. In 1859 he discovered the coffin of the great surgeon and physiologist John Hunter, whose remains were thereupon rein- terred in Westminster abbey by the royal col- lege of surgeons. Besides contributing many papers to various periodicals, he has written "The Curiosities of Natural History," three series, and a treatise on " Fish Hatching." He established at his own expense the " Museum of Economic Fish Culture " in the royal horti- cultural gardens, in which are illustrated the modes of propagating fresh and salt water fish and oysters. For his labors in this department he received in 1866 a silver medal from the Exposition de p&che et cP agriculture at Arca- chon, France, and in 1868 the diploma of hon- or from the Havre exhibition. In 1867 he was appointed inspector of salmon fisheries for England and Wales, and in 1870 special com- missioner to inquire into the effects of recent legislation on the salmon fisheries of Scotland. BUCKLE, Henry Thomas, an English author, born at Lee, Kent, Nov. 24, 1821, died in Da- mascus, Syria, May 29, 1862. He was educated at Dr. Halloway's school in Kentish Town. Upon the death of his father in 1840 he in- herited a considerable fortune, which enabled him to devote himself exclusively to literary pursuits. He collected a large library, read continually, and made copious notes. He ac- quired . some knowledge of many languages, among which were French, German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Russian, and Danish. His principal recreations were chess and whist, at which games he was one of the best players in Europe. His reputation rests upon his " His- tory of Civilization in England," the first vol- ume of which was published in 1857, and the second in 1861. These two volumes contain only a portion of the introduction to a com- prehensive work .which he had in mind. Their literary merits were at once recognized ; but the theory on which they were based elicited much discussion. In tracing the causes of the progress which had been made in civilization, he endeavored to show that the character of a people was chiefly dependent on material cir- cumstances, such as soil, climate, scenery, and food, and that ideas on morals or religion had very little influence on civilization, progress in which, he maintained, depended chiefly on the growth and accumulation of scientific or positive knowledge. He left England in Octo- ber, 1861, and passed the winter on the Nile with the view of recruiting his health. In March, 1862, he set out upon a tour through Sinai, Petra, and Palestine, during which his death was caused by an attack of fever. His " Miscellaneous and Posthumous Works," with a biographical sketch by Helen Taylor, appear- ed in 1872 (3 vols. 8vo, London). BUCKMINSTER. I. Joseph, D. D., an Ameri- can clergyman, born at Kutland, Mass., Oct. 14, 1751, died at Keadsboro, Vt., June 10, 1812. He graduated at Yale college in 1770, as one of the three best scholars in his class, remained there three years upon the Berkeley foundation, studying theology, and was after- ward for four years tutor in the college. In 1779 he became pastor of the North church at Portsmouth, N. H., where he remained 33 years, when his health became impaired, and he died while on a journey to the mountains of Vermont. He was remarkable for the fer- vor of his devotional exercises and the earnest- ness of his preaching. He was deeply inter- ested in the controversy which during his later years made a wide division between the con- servative and liberal Congregationalists. The change of views arrived at by his son Joseph Stevens Buckminster, and the discussions be- tween the two, form one of the most interest- ing features in the memoirs of both. Although differing in creed, and conscientiously tena- cious of his own opinions, he preached his son's ordination sermon. He published about 25 sermons, preached on different occasions between 1783 and 1811, and a brief memoir of the Rev. Dr. Mackintosh, and was one of the authors of the " Piscataqua River Prayer Book " for the use of families. His daughter, Mrs. Eliza Buckminster Lee, has published " Memoirs of the Rev. Joseph Buckminster, D. D., and of his son, the Rev. Joseph Stevens Buckminster " (Boston, 1851). II. Joseph Ste- vens, an American clergyman, son of the pre- ceding, born at Portsmouth, N. H., May 26, 1784, died in Boston, June 9, 1812. He was educated at Exeter academy and at Harvard college, graduated in 1800, and became an as- sistant in Exeter academy, where he was one of the teachers of Daniel Webster. In 1804 he began to preach in the Brattle street church, Boston, of which he was ordained pastor, Jan. 30, 1804. He thus became minister of one of the largest and most intelligent religions soci- eties in New England before he was 21 years of age. In 1806-'7, his health having become impaired, he travelled extensively in Europe, and while in England purchased many books for the Boston Athenseum. On his return he became an active member of the Anthology club, from which originated one of the first purely literary periodicals published in America. In 1808 he superintended the republication of Griesbach's New Testament, containing the most important various readings, and was after- ward appointed lecturer on Biblical criticism