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BULL BULLDOG 425 many, about 1622. In 1596, on the recom- mendation of the queen, he was appointed pro- fessor of music at Gresham college, which post he resigned in 1007 to become chamber mu- sician to King James. He quitted England in 1613, and finally settled in Liibeck. He was considered the best organist of his age. Having once performed before King James a song which he called "God save the King," the present national anthem of England has been erroneously attributed to him. BULL, Ole Bornemann, a Norwegian violinist, born at Bergen, Feb. 5, 1810. His father, a chemist, who had destined him for the church, steadily repressed his passion for music. At the age of 18 he was placed at the university of Ohristiania ; but when he took the temporary charge of the orchestra at one of the theatres, during the illness of the leader, his connection with the university was dissolved. In 1829 he went to Cassel to study with Spohr, but his reception was so chilling that in despair he went to Gottingen and commenced the study of the law. His fondness for his art soon interrupted this pursuit, and he went to Minden, where he fought a duel in which his antagonist was mor- tally wounded. He then went to Paris, where he was reduced to great straits, and attempted to drown himself, but was rescued. A lady who saw in him a likeness to her deceased son took him into her house, and enabled him to make his appearance as a violinist. The proceeds of his first concert gave him the means for a mu- sical tour through Italy. The next seven years were spent in professional journeys through Italy, France, Germany, England, and Russia, by which he acquired a handsome fortune. Returning to his native place in 1838 with his wife, a Parisian woman, he settled upon an es- tate which he had purchased in the neighbor- hood. At the end of five years he came to the United States, and after a career of great success returned to Europe in 1845. During the next seven years he gave concerts in the chief cities of the continent, made a campaign in Algeria against the Kabyles with Gen. Yusuf, made improvements in musical instruments, built a theatre in Bergen, and endeavored to establish in Norway national schools of litera- ture and art. He introduced political senti- ments into the dramas performed at his thea- tre, and was brought into collision with the police. Lawsuits in 1852 dissipated a large portion of his fortune, and he once more left his country for the new world, and purchased a large tract of uncultivated land, comprising 120,- 003 acres, in Potter co., Penn. A large num- ber of families, to whom the lands were sold at a nominal price, gathered upon the spot, form- ing the germ of a colony, to which the name Oleana was given ; but at length the pro- ject was abandoned and the colony broken up. Ole Bull resumed his concerts, and in 1854 took a lease of the academy of music in New York, with the intention of undertaking the manage- ment of the Italian opera ; but the enterprise proved disastrous. He then returned to Eu- rope, and in 1869 revisited the United States, where he has since chiefly resided, and where in 1870 he made a second marriage. BULLDOG (canis molossus), a variety of dog, of the division ferox, said to be peculiar to the British islands, and distinguished for its fe- rocity. The bulldog is low in stature, deep- chested, and strongly made about the shoul- ders, which, with the chest and neck, are enor- mously developed, as are also the muscles of the thighs behind, although generally the hind quarters are light as compared to the fore part, and the flanks hollow and tucked up, like those of the greyhound. He is remarkable for a short broad muzzle, and the projection of his lower jaw, which causes the lower front teeth to protrude beyond those of the upper. The con- dyles of the jaw are placed above the line of the upper grinding teeth ; and it is this con- formation which renders the bite of the bull- dog so severe, and his hold when once taken almost immovable. The lips are thick, deep, and pendulous; the ears fine, small, and pen- Bulldog (Canls molossus). dent at the tip ; the tail thick at the root, but tapering to a point as fine as that of the grey- hound. " He is the most ferocious and un- relenting of the canine tribe, and may be con- sidered courageous beyond every other crea- ture in the world ; for he will attack any ani- mal, whatever be its magnitude, without hesi- tation, either at his own caprice or at the bid- ding of his owner. His most important quality, and that probably which causes all the others, is the diminution of the brain, which in the bull- dog is smaller and less developed than in any other of the race; and it is doubtless to the decrease of the encephalon that must be attrib- uted his want of intelligence, and incapacity for receiving education." So strongly marked is this peculiarity, that a recent writer considers the bulldog as a sort of abnormal canine mon- ster, a dog idiot, yielding to uncontrollable physical impulses, now of blind ferocity, now of equally blind and undiscriminating tender- ness. A thorough-bred bullpup of six months, the first time he beholds a bull, will run at the