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BULTI BULWEK-LYTTON 433 It is a native of Europe, and is now common in rivers and ponds on the continent, in Eng- land, North America, and New South Wales. The root was formerly used in medicine for its astringent and diuretic qualities. The leaves and stem are tough and fibrous, and are em- ployed for thatching, and for making matting and chair bottoms, BULTI, Bultistan, or Little Thibet, a state of central Asia, tributary to the rulers of Cash- mere, in the N. W. part of the Himalaya, on the N. slope of the chain, and in the valley of the Indus ; area estimated at 12,000 sq. m. ; pop. about 75,000. It is a table land 6,000 ft. above sea level, and the surrounding peaks rise 7,000 ft. higher. The climate is therefore cold, though European fruits abound. The inhabi- tants are Tartars, and their religion Mohamme- dan. The land was made tributary by Gholab Singh about 1846. Until then it was an inde- pendent state, the last ruler having been Ahmed Shah. The capital is Iskardoh, on the Indus. BULWER, Edward. See BULWER-LYTTON. Ill LU Kit, Henry Lytton Earle, Baron Dalling and Bulwer, an English diplomatist and author, brother of Lord Lytton, born in 1804, died in Naples, May 23, 1872. He entered the diplo- matic service at Vienna in 1829, and after being secretary of legation at Brussels, Constanti- nople, and Paris, was minister at Madrid from 1843 to 1848, when Narvaez charged him with intermeddling in the liberal interest with the domestic politics of Spain, and insisted upon his recall. Isturiz, the Spanish ambassador in London, was thereupon sent away by the English government, and diplomatic relations between the two countries were interrupted for nearly two years. Bulwer was created a knight grand cross of the bath, and Narvaez is said to have eventually apologized to him, at tlie instigation of Lord Palmerston. He mar- ried in 1848 a daughter of Lord Cowley and niece of Wellington. From 1849 to 1852 he was minister at Washington, where he nego- tiated the so-called Clayton-Bulwer treaty for the settlement of the Nicaragua canal question, which was ratified July 4, 1850. He repre- sented Great Britain at Florence from 1852 to 1856, was subsequently sent on a special mis- sion to the Danubian principalities, and held the post of ambassador at Constantinople from 1858 to 1865. While in that city he was grand master of the freemasons, and often delivered public addresses, in which he excelled. He was liberal in his political views, and was elected a member of parliament for Wilton in 1830, for Coventry in 1831, and for Maryle- bone in 1834, retiring in 1837. He was a member for Tamworth from December, 1868, to March 23, 1871, when he was raised to the peerage. Among his writings are : " An Au- tnmn in Greece" (1826); "France, Social, Literary, and Political" (2 vols., 1834); "The Monarchy of the Middle Classes in France " (2 vols., 1834-'6) ; " Life of Lord Byron," pre- fixed to a Paris edition of the poet's works (1835); "Historical Characters: Talleyrand, Cobbett, Mackintosh, and Canning" (2 vols., 1868) ; and " Life and Letters of Lord Palmer- ston " (2 vols., 1870). The last reaches to 1848, and he left in MS. a continuation of the work to 1851-'2. He had also finished the greater part of an essay on the first Sir Robert Peel, which, with a sketch of Lord Brougham's career, was to be included in an additional volume of his " Historical Characters." BULWER, John, an English physician of the 17th century, author of several works on dac- tylology. Although he was not himself an in- structor of deaf mutes, he was the first in England to indicate the proper plan on which all subsequent methods for the instruction of the deaf and dumb have been based. In 1644 he published " Chironomia, or the Art of Manual Rhetoric," and " Chirologia, or the Nat- ural Language of the Hand," which obtained for him the surname of "the Chirosopher." His principal work is " Philocophus, or the Deafe and Dumbe Man's Friend; exhibiting the philosophical verity of that subtile art which may inable one with an observant eie to heare what any man speaks by the moving of his lips," &c. (London, 1648). This title illus- trates his plan for a labial alphabet and articu- lation, as his former works exhibited his plans for a manual alphabet and imitative signs. Among his other curious works are "Patho- myotomia, or a Dissection of the Significative Muscles of the Affections of the Mind " (12mo, London, 1649), and " Anthropo-metamorphosis, Man-transformed, or the Changeling" (4to, 1653). BULWER-LYrTON. I. Edward George Earle Lytton, Baron Lytton, an English novelist, born in May, 1805, died in London, Jan. 18, 1873. He was the youngest son of Gen. Bulwer, of Heydon Hall and Wood Dalling, Norfolk, who belonged to an ancient family of Norman origin, and whose wife, Elizabeth Barbara Lytton, was sole heiress of the Knebworth estates. Gen. Bulwer died while his son was young, and the child was brought up by his mother, who died in 1844. His education being perfected by private tutors, he entered Trinity hall, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1826. At the university he gained the chancel- lor's prize for English versification by a poem on " Sculpture " (1825). He occupied his va- cations by pedestrian tours through England and Scotland, and by a jaunt on horseback over a great part of France. In 1826 he pub- lished "Weeds and Wild Flowers." In 1827 appeared a Byronic poem, entitled " O'Neill, or the Rebel." His first novel, " Falkland," was published anonymously in 1827, followed in 1828 by " Pelham, or the Adventures of a Gentleman." " Pelham " was adversely criti- cised in many quarters, but conveyed a gene- ral impression of originality and power. Next came "The Disowned," and in 1829 "Deve- reux;" in 1830, " Paul Clifford ;" and in the