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BUNSEN BUNTING 439 tiliken des chrwtlichen Rom (Munich, 1843). H united the study of Plato's philosophy with Biblical and liturgical labors, and with re- searches in the history of Christianity; and Champollion, who was then at Rome, assisted him in mastering the Egyptian hieroglyphics. As the result of these labors we have the great work, Aegyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschiehte (5 vols., Hamburg and Gotha, 1845-'57; English translation, " Egypt's Place in Universal His- tory," 2 vols., London, 1845-'54). The work is divided into five parts, each composing a distinct whole. Most of his other publications bear on theological and political questions. Two critical works on Ignatius of Antioch were followed by "Hippolytus and his Tunes, or the Life and the Teaching of the Roman Church under the Emperors Commodus and Alexander Severus" (4 vols., London, 1851), which he wrote both in English and in German (2 vols., Leipsic, 1853), and which is considered one of the most eminent productions of the present epoch in theological literature. Among his other works are Zeichen der Zeit (2 vols., Leipsic, 1855; English translation, "Signs of the Times," 2 vols., London, 1855-'6), and Gott in der GeschieJite (3 vols., Leipsic, 1857-'8; English translation, "God in History," 1857). The publication of his comprehensive Bibel- werk fur die Gemeinde ( The Bible for the Common People") was commenced with the pecuniary assistance of Mrs. Salis Schwabe, a lady of Manchester, and was afterward aided by a contribution from Mr. Astor. It was completed after Bunsen's MS. shortly before his death by Profs. Holtzmann of Heidelberg and Camphausen of Bonn (9 vols., Leipsic, 1858-'70). His correspondence with Frederick "William IV., edited by Ranke, was published in 1873. The baroness Bunsen has published " Memoirs of Baron Bunsen " (2 vols., London, 1867; German translation,, with additions by Prof. Nippold, 3 vols., Leipsic, 1868-'70). Bar- on Bunsen left ten children. Several of his sons are diplomatists, and GEOEG VON BUNSEN, born in Rome, Nov. 7, 1824, is prominent in politics. BUNSEN, Robert Wilhelm, a German chemist, cousin of the preceding, born in Gottingen, March 31, 1811. His father was professor of oriental languages and literature at the uni- versity of Gottingen, and the son, after com- pleting his studies at the gymnasium, entered the university, and devoted himself to the study of chemistry and physics. He took his degree of doctor of philosophy in 1830, after- ward studied in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna, and in 1833 became tutor at the university of Got- tinsen. In 1834 he published, in conjunction with Berthold, his important research upon the hydrated oxide of iron as an antidote to arsenic. In 1836 he was appointed professor of chemistry at the polytechnic school in Cassel, in 1838 at the university of Marburg, and in 1851 at Breslau, where he planned the best working laboratory at that time to be found on the continent ; but he did not remain long enough to complete it, as he accepted in 1852 a call to Heidelberg, where he constructed a still greater laboratory, and has founded one of the most celebrated schools of chemistry in Europe. In 1846 he undertook an important journey to Iceland, during which he devoted special attention to the phenomena of the geysers, examining the waters, the sedimen- tary deposits, and the gases issuing from the springs. The results of this journey are em- bodied in a letter to Berzelius written after his return. Bunsen has contributed a large num- ber of original papers to the scientific journals, among the most important of which are those on the cyanogen compounds, examination of the gases of blast furnaces, improvement in galvanic batteries, researches upon kakodyle, preparation of magnesium, aluminum, chromi- um, and lithium, photo-chemical researches on specific gravity, gas absorption, diffusion, spec- trum analysis, and discovery of the new metals csssium and rubidium. His largest indepen- dent publications are: "Journey to Iceland," " On a new Volumetric Method," " A Treatise on Gas Analysis," and " Chemical Analysis by the Spectroscope." In the course of his in- vestigations he has invented some of our most important aids to scientific research. Bunsen's battery, Bunsen's burner, Bunsen's photometer, and Bunsen's pump have acquired a world- wide use, and are considered indispensable in every laboratory. BUNTING, a name given to several birds of the order passeres, tribe conirostres, family fringillida, and sub-family ember izince. It is characterized by an acute conical bill, with a straight or nearly straight culmen, and with the lateral margins sinuated ; the interior of the upper mandible with a palatic knob ; the wings moderate and somewhat pointed ; tarsi about as long as the middle toe, and scaled ; hind toe robust and longer than the inner; claws slender and generally curved. Among Black -throated Buntiug (Euspiza Americana). the genera ii ewpiza (Pr. Bonap.), of which a well known species is the black-throated bunting (E. Americana, Gmel.), with the foro part of the head greenish olive, hind head,